Half-year Report

NMBZ HOLDINGS LIMITED

NMB BANK LIMITED (Registered Commercial Bank)

FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED 30 JUNE 2018

FINANCIAL SUMMARY

Enquiries:

NMBZ HOLDINGS LIMITED

Benefit P Washaya, Chief Executive Officer, NMBZ Holdings Limited [email protected]

Benson Ndachena, Chief Finance Officer, NMBZ Holdings Limited [email protected]

Website: http://www.nmbz.co.zw

Email: [email protected]

Telephone: (+263-4) 759 651/9 

CHAIRMAN'S STATEMENT

INTRODUCTION

The operating environment in 2018 continued to be challenging largely due to nostro funding challenges, cash shortages, job losses and inflationary pressures. The period under review was characterised by the build-up to the country's harmonised elections held on 30 July 2018. The government continued with the various re-engaging efforts with the international community ushering in renewed hope and optimism for the economic prospects of the country. However, free, fair and credible elections remain the key yardstick that will determine the full acceptance of the country by the international community.

The Group has however continued to make considerable progress towards attaining its short and medium term goals. The financial results were largely driven by the banking subsidiary's continued expansion into the broader market segment, enhanced use of the bank's digital platforms, stricter credit underwriting standards and concerted efforts to contain non-performing loans and operating costs.

The key financial highlights of the Group as at 30 June 2018, which are commendable in the current difficult operating environment are as shown below:

- Shareholders' funds stood at US$67.7 million (2017 - US$65.7 million).

- Total assets stood at US$441.6 million (2017 - US$422.6 million).

- Total comprehensive income of US$9.1 million (2017 - US$3.6 million).

- Basic earnings per share (US cents) of 2.34 (2017 - 0.93).

GROUP RESULTS

Financial performance

The profit before taxation was US$11 757 594 during the period under review and this gave rise to total comprehensive income of US$9 086 483. The Group achieved an earnings per share of 2.34 cents (2017 - 0.93 cents).

Operating expenses amounted to US$16 820 851 and these were up 23% from a prior year amount of US$13 627 312. This was due to increased transaction processing and operational costs arising from the bank's digital drive and continued expansion into the broader market segments.

Impairment losses on loans and advances amounted to US$1 421 078 for the current period from a prior year amount of US$878 304 and the increase was mainly due to the adoption of IFRS 9 with effect from 1 January 2018. The bank has continued with its drive to reduce non-performing loans (NPLs) and this saw the NPL ratio reduce from 10.71% as at 30 June 2017 to 6.12% as at 30 June 2018. This is largely due to aggressive collections and stricter credit underwriting standards.

Financial position

The Group's total assets increased by 4% from US$422 564 352 as at 31 December 2017 to US$441 567 591 as at 30 June 2018 mainly due to a 33% increase in property and equipment together with an 8% increase in both investment securities and loans, advances and other accounts. These increases were partly offset by a decrease in cash and cash equivalents of 10%.

Gross loans and advances increased by 12% from US$211 005 418 as at 31 December 2017 to US$236 393 815 as at 30 June 2018 mainly due to increased uptake of the Bank's mortgage facilities, corporates and individuals loan facilities.

Gross investment securities (Treasury Bills and Bonds) increased from US$92 245 425 as at 31 December 2017 to US$100 137 224 as at 30 June 2018 in line with the Bank's exposure limits and risk appetite.

Total deposits increased by 4% from US$348 956 385 as at 31 December 2017 to US$364 580 517 as at 30 June 2018 as a result of increased current account balances due to the broadening of the bank's market segments.

The Bank maintained a sound liquidity position with a liquidity ratio of 42.09% and this was above the statutory minimum of 30%.

Capital

The banking subsidiary maintained adequate capital levels to cover all risks as reflected by a capital adequacy ratio of 22.21% as at 30 June 2018 (31 December 2017 - 24.26%). The ratio was well above the regulatory minimum of 12%.

The Group's shareholders' funds and shareholders' liabilities increased by 3% from US$65 651 843 as at 31 December 2017 to US$67 691 347 as at 30 June 2018 as a result of the current period's total comprehensive income, which was partly offset by the increase in IFRS 9 provisions adjusted through equity on 1 January 2018.

The Bank's regulatory capital as at 30 June 2018 was US$65 917 125 and was above the minimum regulatory capital of US$25 million. The bank remains on course to achieve the revised capital levels by 2020.

DIVIDEND

The Board has resolved not to declare an interim dividend in order to fund the growth initiatives being pursued by the Group as well as to strengthen the regulatory capital position of the Group's banking subsidiary.

DIRECTORATE

There were no changes to the directorate during the period under review. The directors of both NMBZ Holdings Limited and NMB Bank Limited boards remain as follows: Mr Benedict A. Chikwanha (Board Chairman), Mr Benefit P. Washaya (Chief Executive Officer), Mr Benson Ndachena (Chief Finance Officer), Mr Charles Chikaura (Independent Non-Executive Director), Mr Erik Sandersen (Non-Executive Director), Mr James de la Fargue (Non-Executive Director), Ms Jean Maguranyanga (Independent Non-Executive Director), Mr Julius Tichelaar (Non-Executive Director) and Ms Sabinah Chitehwe (Independent Non-Executive Director).

CORPORATE SOCIAL INVESTMENTS

During the six months under review, the Group continued with its drive to invest into the country's educational system, the enhancement of youth entrepreneurial skills through partnering stakeholders with similar interests, the disadvantaged, vulnerable groups, supporting environmental protection and conservation initiatives, the arts and various sporting disciplines. The activities and charities supported during this period included Enactus programme for Universities' students run by BOOST Fellowship, several schools events, Birdlife Zimbabwe, Friends of Hwange, Friends of Dzikwa Society, Albino Trust of Zimbabwe, Salvation Army Annual Fundraising Pro-AM golf day and many other charitable initiatives.

CORPORATE DEVELOPMENTS

The Bank continued on its financial inclusion drive and this has seen the opening of a number of low cost accounts via our NMBLite product. We continue to invest in digital channels to support a cashless society and in this regard, we have intensified our drive to roll out our low-cost Point of Sale devices, mPOS, aimed at supporting SMEs and sole traders. I am happy to advise that the bank managed to open a USD & EURO correspondent banking relationship with a German Bank, ODDO BHF to facilitate foreign currency receipts and payments by our customers. Furthermore, we have taken on board a number of money transfer agents to facilitate remittances by Zimbabweans living in the diaspora.

OUTLOOK AND STRATEGY

The Bank will continue to accelerate the deployment of POS machines throughout the country and enhance all the e-channels for the convenience of our transacting customers. The Group will continue to broaden its target market by widening its catchment area to include segments of the mass market previously not catered for, thereby contributing to the financial inclusion agenda.

APPRECIATION

I remain sincerely grateful to our valued clients, depositors, shareholders and regulatory authorities who have continued to render their unwavering support to the Group. To my fellow board members, management and staff, I extend my heartfelt gratitude for their diligence, dedication and steadfast commitment which have culminated in the Group's remarkable results.

B. A. CHIKWANHA

CHAIRMAN

22 August 2018

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

for the six months ended 30 June 2018

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION

As at 30 June 2018

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

for the six months ended 30 June 2018

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

for the six months ended 30 June 2018

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

for the six months ended 30 June 2017

1. REPORTING ENTITY

The Holding Company is incorporated and domiciled in Zimbabwe and is an investment holding company. Its registered office address is 64 Kwame Nkrumah Avenue, Harare. Its principal operating subsidiary is engaged in commercial and retail banking. NMB Bank Limited is a registered commercial bank and was incorporated in Zimbabwe on 16 October 1992 and commenced trading on 1 June 1993. The Bank operated as an Accepting House until 6 December 1999 when the licence was converted to that of a Commercial Bank. The Bank is exposed to the following risks in its operations: liquidity risk, credit risk, market risk, operational risk, foreign currency exchange rate risk and interest rate risk.

2. ACCOUNTING CONVENTION

Statement of compliance

These condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standard (IAS) 34, Interim Financial Reporting. Selected explanatory notes are included to explain events and transactions that are significant to an understanding of the changes in financial position of the Group since the last annual consolidated financial statements as at and for the year ended 31 December 2017. These condensed consolidated interim financial statements do not include all the information required for the full annual financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards. The financial statements show the impact of the first time adoption of IFRS 9 which was adopted by the Group effective 1 January 2018. The detailed impact of this adoption is disclosed on note 3.12 (Changes in accounting policy).

These condensed consolidated interim financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors on 22 August 2018.

2.1 Basis of preparation

The condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention except for quoted and other investments, investment properties and financial instruments which are carried at fair value and land and buildings which are stated at revalued amount. These condensed consolidated interim financial statements are reported in United States of America dollars and rounded to the nearest dollar.

2.2 Functional and presentation currency

For the purpose of the consolidated financial statements, the results and financial position of the group are expressed in United States dollars which is the functional currency of the Bank, and the presentation currency for the consolidated financial statements.

2.3 Basis of consolidation

The Group financial results incorporate the financial results of the Company and its subsidiaries. Subsidiaries are investees controlled by the Group. The Group controls an investee if it is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the investee. The financial statements of subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date on which control commences until the date when control ceases. The financial results of the subsidiaries are prepared for the same reporting period as the parent company, using consistent accounting policies. All intra-group balances, transactions, income and expenses; profits and losses resulting from intra-group transactions that are recognised in assets and liabilities are eliminated in full. When the Group loses control over a subsidiary, it derecognises the assets and liabilities of the subsidiary, and any related non-controlling interest and other components of equity. Any resulting gain or loss is recognised in profit or loss. Any interest retained in the former subsidiary is measured at fair value when control is lost.

2.4 Comparative financial information

The interim financial statements comprise consolidated statements of financial position, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows. The comparative information covers a period of six months.

2.5 Use of estimates and judgements

The preparation of the interim financial statements requires Directors to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The significant judgements made by management in applying the Group's accounting policies and key sources of estimation and uncertainity were the same as those applied to the consolidated financial statements as at and for the year ended 31 December 2017.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to estimates are recognized prospectively.

In the process of applying the Group's accounting policies, management has made the following judgements which have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the consolidated financial statements:

2.5.1 Deferred tax

Provision for deferred taxation is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. Temporary differences arising out of the initial recognition of assets or liabilities and temporary differences on initial recognition of business combinations that affect neither accounting nor taxable profit are not recognised. The amount of deferred tax provided is based on the expected manner of realisation or settlement of the carrying amount of assets and liabilities, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realised or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

2.5.2 Land and buildings

The properties were valued by directors. The determined fair value of land and buildings is most sensitive to significant unobservable inputs. In addition, the property market is currently not stable due to liquidity constraints and hence comparable values are also not readily available.

2.5.3 Investment properties

Investment properties were valued by directors. The directors considered comparable market evidence of recent sale transactions and those transactions where firm offers had been made but awaiting acceptance. In addition, the property market is currently not stable due to liquidity constraints and hence comparable values are also not readily available.

2.5.4 Property and equipment

The directors exercised their judgment in determining the residual values of the other property and equipment which have been determined as nil. If the residual value of an asset increases by an amount equal to or greater than the asset's carrying amount, then depreciation of the asset ceases. Depreciation will only resume when the residual value decreases to an amount below the asset's carrying amount.

2.5.5 Investment securities

The Group has treasury bills and government bonds for which there is currently no market information to facilitate the application of fair value principles, in determining fair value disclosures. Directors have made a significant judgement in determining that the carrying amount approximates fair value. Refer to Note 14.1.

2.5.6 Intangible assets

Intangible assets are initially recognised at cost. Subsequently the assets are measured at cost less accumulated amortisation and any impairment loss.

2.5.7 Impairment losses on loan and advances

The Bank adopted IFRS 9 with effect from 1 January 2018. As permitted by the IFRS 9 transitional provisions, the Bank elected not to restate comparative figures.

The Bank recognises loss allowances for Expected Credit Losses (ECLs) on the following financial

 instruments that are not measured at Fair Value through Profit or Loss (FVTPL):

• loans and advances to banks;

• loans and advances to customers;

• debt investment securities;

• lease receivables;

• loan commitments issued; and

• financial guarantee contracts issued.

No impairment loss is recognised on equity investments.

With the exception of purchased or originated credit-impaired (POCI) financial assets (which are considered separately below), ECLs are measured through a loss allowance at an amount equal to:

 • 12-month ECL, i.e. lifetime ECL that result from those default events on the financial instrument that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date, (referred to as Stage 1); or

 • Full lifetime ECL, i.e. lifetime ECL that result from all possible default events over the life of the financial instrument, (referred to as Stage 2 and Stage 3).

A loss allowance for full lifetime ECL is required for a financial instrument if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. For all other financial instruments, ECLs are measured at an amount equal to the 12-month ECL.

2.5.8 Non-current assets held for sale

Non-current assets or disposal group are held for sale if its carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. These are measured at the lower of carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell and they are not depreciated.

Non-current assets were valued by the directors who considered comparable market evidence of recent sale transactions and those transactions where firm offers had been made but waiting acceptance. The determined fair value of non - current assets held for sale is most sensitive to significant unobservable inputs. In addition, the property market is currently not stable due to liquidity constraints and hence comparable values are not stable.

2.5.9 Determination of functional currency

The Group operates in an economy which is experiencing a shortage of foreign currency and consequently has exchange control regulations that impact the timing of payment of foreign payables among other matters. Given the context of the environment, management has assessed if there has been a change in the functional currency used by the Group. The assessment included consideration of whether the various modes of settlement may represent different forms of currency. It is observed that whether cash, bond notes, electronic

money transfers or point of sale transactions, the unit of measure across all these payment modes remains United States Dollars. Management concluded that the United States dollar is still the functional currency as presented in the prior year financial statements. Please refer to note 15.1 for additional information on the foreign currency shortages.

2.6.0 Going concern

The directors have assessed the ability of the Group to continue operating as a going concern and believe that the preparation of these consolidated financial statements on a going concern basis is still appropriate.

3. ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The selected principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these condensed financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied unless otherwise stated.

3.1 Fair value measurement principles

The fair value of financial instruments is based on their quoted market price at the reporting date without any deduction for transaction costs. If a quoted market price is not available, the fair value of the instrument is estimated using pricing models or discounted cash flow techniques.

Where discounted cash flow techniques are used, estimated future cash flows are based on management's best estimates and the discount rate is a market related rate at the reporting date for an instrument with similar terms and conditions. Where pricing models are used, inputs are based on market related measures at the reporting date.

3.2 Investment properties

Investment properties are stated at fair value. Gains and losses arising from a change in fair value of investment properties are recognised in the statement of comprehensive income. The fair value is determined at the end of each reporting period by a professional valuer.

3.3 Share - based payments

The Group issues share options to certain employees in terms of the Employee Share Option Scheme. Share options are measured at fair value at the date of grant. The fair value determined at the date of grant of the options is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on the Group's estimate of shares that will eventually vest. Fair value is measured using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The expected life used in the model has been adjusted, based on management's best estimate, for the effects of non-transferability, exercise restrictions and other behavioural considerations.

3.4 Property and equipment

The residual value and the useful life of property and equipment are reviewed at least each financial year-end. If the residual value of an asset increases by an amount equal to or greater than the asset's carrying amount, then the depreciation of the asset ceases. Depreciation will resume only when the residual value decreases to an amount below the asset's carrying amount.

3.5 Intangible assets

Intangible assets are initially recognised at cost. Subsequently, the assets are measured at cost less accumulated armotisation and any accumulated impairment losses.

3.6 Shareholders' funds

Shareholders' funds refer to the total investment made by the shareholders to the Group and it consists of share capital, share premium, share options reserve, retained earnings, redeemable ordinary shares and subordinated term loans.

 3.7 Taxation

Income tax

Income tax expenses comprise current and deferred tax. It is recognised in profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to items recognised directly in equity or in other comprehensive income.

Current tax

Current tax comprises expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. It is measured using rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date in the country where the Bank operates and generates taxable income and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years.

Current income tax assets and liabilities for the current period are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities.

Deferred taxation

Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is not recognised for:

· temporary differences on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss;

· temporary differences related to investments in subsidiaries to the extent that it is probable that they will not reverse in the foreseeable future; and

· taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill.

Deferred tax assets are recognised for unused tax losses, unused tax credits and deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realised. Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow the manner in which the Bank expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities. For this purpose, the carrying amount of investment property measured at fair value is presumed to be recovered through sale, and the Bank has not rebutted this presumption.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realised simultaneously.

Additional taxes that arise from the distribution of dividends by the Bank are recognised at the same time as the liability to pay the related dividend is recognised. These amounts are generally recognised in profit or loss because they generally relate to income arising from transactions that were originally recognised in profit or loss.

3.8 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash and bank balances, and short term highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased. Cash and cash equivalents are measured at amortised cost in the statement of financial position.

3.9 Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognised to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Bank and the revenue can be reliably measured, regardless of when the payment is being made. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, taking into account contractually defined terms of payment and excluding taxes or duty. The specific recognition criteria described below must also be met before revenue is recognised.

3.10 Interest income

For all financial instruments measured at amortised cost and financial instruments designated at fair value through profit or loss, interest income or expense is recorded using the effective interest rate (EIR), which is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or liability.

Interest income includes income arising out of the banking activities of lending and investing.

3.11 Interest expense

Interest expense arises from deposit taking. The expense is recognised in profit or loss as it accrues, taking into account the effective interest cost of the liability.

3.12 Changes in accounting policy

The Bank has adopted IFRS 9 as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in July 2014 with a date of transition of 1 January 2018, which resulted in changes in accounting policies and adjustments to the amounts previously recognised in the financial statements.

As permitted by the transitional provisions of IFRS 9, the Bank elected not to restate comparative figures.

Any adjustments to the carrying amounts of financial assets and liabilities at the date of transition were recognised in the opening retained earnings and other reserves of the current period. Consequently, for notes disclosures, the consequential amendments to IFRS 7 disclosures have also only been applied to the current period. The comparative period notes disclosures repeat those disclosures made in the prior year.

The adoption of IFRS 9 has resulted in changes in the Bank's accounting policies for recognition, classification and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities and impairment of financial assets. IFRS 9 also significantly amends other standards dealing with financial instruments such as IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures.

Set out below are disclosures relating to the impact of the adoption of IFRS 9 on the Bank.

(a) Classification and measurement of financial instruments

The measurement category and the carrying amount of financial assets and liabilities in accordance with IAS 39 and IFRS 9 at 1 January 2018 are compared as follows:

IAS 39 IFRS 9

(b) Reconciliation of statement of financial position balances from IAS 39 to IFRS 9

The Bank performed a detailed analysis of its business models for managing financial assets and an analysis of their cash flow characteristics to determine how the instruments shall be measured.

The following table reconciles the carrying amounts of financial assets, from their previous measurement categories in accordance with IAS 39 to their new measurement categories upon transition to IFRS 9 on 1 January 2018:

(c) Reconciliation of impairment allowance balance from IAS 39 to IFRS 9

The following table reconciles the prior period closing impairment allowance measured in accordance with the IAS 39 incurred loss model to the new expected credit loss allowance measured in accordance with the IFRS 9 expected loss model at 1 January 2018:

3.12.1 Financial Instruments

Measurement methods

Amortised cost and effective interest rates

The amortised cost is the amount at which the financial asset or financial liability is measured at initial recognition minus the principal repayments, plus or minus the cumulative amortisation using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount and the maturity amount and, for financial assets, an adjustment for any loss allowance.

The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial asset or financial liability to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset (i.e. its amortised cost before any impairment allowance) or to the amortised cost of a financial liability. The calculation does not consider expected credit losses and includes transaction costs, premiums or discounts and fees and points paid or received that are integral to the effective interest rate, such as origination fees. For purchased or originated credit-impaired ('POCI') financial assets - assets that are credit-impaired at initial recognition - the Bank calculates the credit-adjusted effective interest rate, which is calculated based on the amortised cost of the financial asset instead of its gross carrying amount and incorporates the impact of expected credit losses in estimated future cash flows.

When the Bank revises the estimates of future cash flows, the carrying amount of the respective financial assets or financial liability is adjusted to reflect the new estimate discounted using the original effective interest rate. Any changes are recognised in profit or loss.

Interest Income

Interest income is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of financial assets, except for:

a) Purchased or originated credit-impaired (POCI) financial assets, for which the original credit-adjusted effective interest rate is applied to the amortised cost of the financial asset.

b) Financial assets that are not 'POCI' but have subsequently become credit-impaired (or 'stage 3'), for which interest revenue is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to their amortised cost (i.e net of the expected credit loss provision).

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Regular way purchases and sales of financial assets are recognised on trade-date, the date on which the Bank commits to purchase or sell the asset.

At initial recognition, the Bank measures a financial asset or financial liability at its fair value plus or minus, in the case of a financial asset or financial liability not at fair value through profit or loss; transaction costs that are incremental and directly attributable to the acquisition or issuance of the financial asset or financial liability respectively, such as fees and commissions. Transaction costs of financial assets and financial liabilities carried at fair value through profit or loss are expensed in profit or loss. Immediately after initial recognition, an expected credit loss allowance (ECL) is recognised for financial assets measured at amortised cost and investments in debt instruments measured at FVOCI, which results in an accounting loss being recognised in profit or loss when an asset is newly originated.

When the fair value of financial assets and liabilities differs from the transaction price on initial recognition, the entity recognises the difference as follows:

(a) When the fair value is evidenced by a quoted price in an active market for an identical asset or liability (i.e. a Level 1 input) or based on a valuation technique that uses only data from observable markets, the difference is recognised as a gain or loss.

(b) In all other cases, the difference is deferred and the timing of recognition of deferred day one profit or loss is determined individually. It is either amortised over the life of the instrument, deferred until the instrument's fair value can be determined using market observable inputs, or realised through settlement.

3.12.1.1 Financial Assets

(i) Classification and subsequent measurement

From 1 January 2018, the Group has applied IFRS 9 and classifies its financial assets in the

following measurement categories:

• Fair value through profit or loss (FVPL);

• Fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI); or

• Amortised cost.

The classification requirements for debt and equity instruments are described below:

Debt instruments

Debt instruments are those instruments that meet the definition of a financial liability from the issuer's perspective, such as loans, government and corporate bonds and trade receivables purchased from clients in factoring arrangements without recourse.

Classification and subsequent measurement of debt instruments depend on:

• the Bank's business model for managing the asset; and

• the cash flow characteristics of the asset.

Based on these factors, the Bank classifies its debt instruments into one of the following three measurement categories:

· Amortised cost: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest ('SPPI'), and that are not designated at FVPL, are measured at amortised cost. The carrying amount of these assets is adjusted by any expected credit loss allowance. Interest income from these financial assets is included in interest and similar income using the effective interest rate method.

· Fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI): Financial assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows and for selling the assets, where the assets' cash flows represent solely payments of principle and interest and that are not designated at FVPL, are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI). Movements in the carrying amount are taken through OCI, except for the recognition of impairment gains or losses, interest revenue and foreign exchange gains and losses on the instrument's amortised cost which are recognised in profit or loss. When the financial asset is derecognised, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI is reclassified from equity to profit or loss and recognised in "Net Investment Income'. Interest income from these financial assets is included in 'Interest Income' using the effective interest rate method.

· Fair value through profit or loss: Assets that do not meet the criteria for amortised cost or FVOCI are measured at fair value through profit or loss. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognised in profit or loss and presented in the profit or loss statement within 'Net Trading Income" in the period in which it arises, unless it arises from debt instruments that were designated at fair value or which are not held for trading, in which case they are presented separately in 'Net Investment Income'. Interest income from these financial assets is included in "Interest income" using the effective interest rate method.

Business model: the business model reflects how the Bank manages the assets in order to generate cash flows. That is, whether the Bank's objective is solely to collect the contractual cash flows from the assets or is to collect both the contractual cash flows and cash flows arising from the sale of assets. If neither of these is applicable (e.g. financial assets are held for trading purposes), then the financial assets are classified as part of 'other' business model and measured at FVPL. Factors considered by the Bank in determining the business model for a group of assets include past experience on how the cash flows for these assets were collected, how the asset's performance is evaluated and reported to key management personnel, how risks are assessed and managed and how managers are compensated. Securities held for trading are held principally for the purpose of selling in the near term or are part of a portfolio of financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking. These securities are classified in the 'other' business model and measured at FVPL.

Where the business model is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows or to collect contractual cash flows and sell, the Bank assesses whether financial instruments' cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest (the "SPPI" test). In making this assessment, the Bank considers whether the contractual cash flows are consistent with a basic lending arrangement i.e. interest includes only consideration for the time value of money, credit risk, other basic lending risks and a profit margin that is consistent with a basic lending arrangement. Where the contractual terms introduce exposure to risk or volatility that are inconsistent with a basic lending arrangement, the related financial asset is classified and measured at fair value through profit or loss.

The Bank reclassifies debt investments when and only when its business model for managing those assets changes. The reclassification takes place from the start of the first reporting period following the change. Such changes are expected to be very infrequent and none occurred during the period.

Equity instruments

Equity instruments are instruments that meet the definition of equity from the issuer's perspective; that is, instruments that do not contain a contractual obligation to pay and that evidence a residual interest in the issuer's net assets. Examples of equity instruments include basic ordinary shares.

The Bank subsequently measures all equity investments at fair value through profit or loss, except where the Bank's management has elected, at initial recognition, to irrevocably designate an equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income. The Bank policy is to designate equity investments as FVOCI when those investments are held for purposes other than to generate investment returns. When this election is used, fair value gains and losses are recognised in OCI and are not subsequently reclassified to profit or loss, including on disposal. Impairment losses (and reversal of impairment losses) are not reported separately from other changes in fair value. Dividends, when representing a return on such investments, continue to be recognised in profit or loss as other income when the Bank's right to receive payments is established.

Gains and losses on equity investments at FVPL are included in the 'Other Income' line in the statement of profit or loss.

(ii) Impairment

The Bank recognises loss allowances for Expected Credit Losses (ECLs) on the following financial instruments that are not measured at Fair Value through Profit or Loss (FVTPL):

 • loans and advances to banks;

 • loans and advances to customers;

 • debt investment securities;

 • lease receivables;

 • loan commitments issued; and

 • financial guarantee contracts issued.

No impairment loss is recognised on equity investments.

With the exception of POCI financial assets (which are considered separately below), ECLs are measured through a loss allowance at an amount equal to:

· 12-month ECL, i.e. lifetime ECL that result from those default events on the financial instrument that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date, (referred to as Stage 1); or

· Full lifetime ECL, i.e. lifetime ECL that result from all possible default events over the life of the financial instrument, (referred to as Stage 2 and Stage 3).

A loss allowance for full lifetime ECL is required for a financial instrument if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. For all other financial instruments, ECLs are measured at an amount equal to the 12-month ECL.

Expected Credit Losses

ECLs are a probability-weighted estimate of the present value of credit losses. These are measured as the present value of the difference between the cash flows due to the Bank under the contract and the cash flows that the Bank expects to receive arising from the weighting of multiple future economic scenarios, discounted at the asset's EIR.

For undrawn loan commitments, the ECL is the difference between the present value of the difference between the contractual cash flows that are due to the Bank if the holder of the commitment draws down the loan and the cash flows that the Bank expects to receive if the loan is drawn down; and

For financial guarantee contracts, the ECL is the difference between the expected payments to reimburse the holder of the guaranteed debt instrument less any amounts that the Bank expects to receive from the holder, the debtor or any other party.

The Bank measures ECL on an individual basis, or on a collective basis for portfolios of loans that share similar economic risk characteristics. The measurement of the loss allowance is based on the present value of the asset's expected cash flows using the asset's original EIR, regardless of whether it is measured on an individual basis or a collective basis.

Credit-impaired financial assets

A financial asset is credit-impaired when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of that financial asset have occurred. Evidence that a financial asset is credit-impaired include observable data about the following events:

(a) significant financial difficulty of the issuer or the borrower;

(b) a breach of contract, such as a default or past due event;

(c) the lender(s) of the borrower, for economic or contractual reasons relating to the borrower's financial difficulty, having granted to the borrower a concession(s) that the lender(s) would not otherwise consider;

(d) it becoming probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganisation;

(e) the disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties; or

(f) the purchase or origination of a financial asset at a deep discount that reflects the incurred credit losses.

It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event-instead, the combined effect of several events may have caused financial assets to become credit-impaired.

Purchased or originated credit-impaired (POCI) financial assets 

For POCI the Bank only recognises the cumulative changes in lifetime expected credit losses since initial recognition. At each reporting date, the Bank recognises in profit or loss the amount of the change in lifetime expected credit losses as an impairment gain or loss. The Bank recognises favourable changes in lifetime expected credit losses as an impairment gain, even if the lifetime expected credit losses are less than the amount of expected credit losses that were included in the estimated cash flows on initial recognition.

The Bank assesses on a forward-looking basis the expected credit losses ('ECL') associated with its debt instrument assets carried at amortised cost and FVOCI and with the exposure arising from loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts. The Bank recognises a loss allowance for such losses at each reporting date. The measurement of ECL reflects:

• An unbiased and probability-weighted amount that is determined by evaluating a range of possible outcomes;

• The time value of money; and

• Reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort at the reporting date about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions.

For loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, the loss allowance is recognised as a provision. The Bank keeps track of the changes in the loss allowance for financial assets separately from those for loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts. However, if a financial instrument includes both a loan (i.e. financial asset) and an undrawn commitment (i.e. loan commitment) component and the Bank does not separately identify the expected credit losses on the loan commitment component from those on the financial asset component, the expected credit losses on the loan commitment is recognised together with the loss allowance for the financial asset. To the extent that the combined expected credit losses exceed the gross carrying amount of the financial asset, the expected credit losses is recognised as a provision.

Definition of default

Critical to the determination of ECL is the definition of default. The definition of default is used in measuring the amount of ECL and in the determination of whether the loss allowance is based on 12-month or lifetime ECL, as default is a component of the probability of default (PD) which affects both the measurement of ECLs and the identification of a significant increase in credit risk.

The Bank considers the following as constituting an event of default:

• The borrower is past due more than 90 days on any material credit obligation to the Bank or;

• The borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligations to the Bank in full.

The definition of default is appropriately tailored to reflect different characteristics of different types of assets. Overdrafts are considered as being past due once the customer has breached an advised limit or has been advised of a limit smaller than the current amount outstanding.

When assessing if the borrower is unlikely to pay its credit obligation, the Bank takes into account both qualitative and quantitative indicators. The information assessed depends on the type of the asset, for example in corporate lending a qualitative indicator used is the breach of covenants, which is not relevant for retail lending. Quantitative indicators, such as overdue status and non-payment on another obligation of the same counterparty are key inputs in this analysis. The Bank uses a variety of sources of information to assess default which are either developed internally or obtained from external sources.

Significant increase in credit risk

The Bank monitors all financial assets, undrawn loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts that are subject to the impairment requirements to assess whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. If there has been a significant increase in credit risk the Bank will measure the loss allowance based on lifetime rather than 12-month ECL. The Bank's accounting policy is not to use the practical expedient that financial assets with 'low' credit risk at the reporting date are deemed not to have had a significant increase in credit risk. As a result the Bank monitors all financial assets, undrawn loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts that are subject to impairment for significant increase in credit risk.

In assessing whether the credit risk on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition, the Bank compares the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument at the reporting date based on the remaining maturity of the instrument with the risk of a default occurring that was anticipated for the remaining maturity at the current reporting date when the financial instrument was first recognised. In making this assessment, the Bank considers both quantitative and qualitative information that is reasonable and supportable, including historical experience and forward-looking information that is available without undue cost or effort, based on the Bank's historical experience and expert credit assessment including forward-looking information.

Multiple economic scenarios form the basis of determining the probability of default at initial recognition and at subsequent reporting dates. Different economic scenarios will lead to a different probability of default. It is the weighting of these different scenarios that forms the basis of a weighted average probability of default that is used to determine whether credit risk has significantly increased.

For corporate lending, forward-looking information includes the future prospects of the industries in which the Bank's lenders operate, obtained from economic expert reports, financial analysts, governmental bodies and other similar organisations, as well as consideration of various internal and external sources of actual and forecast economic information. For the retail portfolio, forward looking information includes the same economic forecasts as the corporate portfolio with additional forecasts of local economic indicators, particularly for regions with a concentration to certain industries, as well as internally generated information of customer payment behaviour. The Bank allocates its counterparties to a relevant internal credit risk grade depending on their credit quality. The quantitative information is a primary indicator of significant increase in credit risk and is based on the change in lifetime PD by comparing:

• The remaining lifetime PD at the reporting date; with

• the remaining lifetime PD for this point in time that was estimated based on facts and circumstances at the time of initial recognition of the exposure.

The PDs used are forward looking and the Bank uses the same methodologies and data used to measure the loss allowance for ECL.

The qualitative factors that indicate significant increase in credit risk are reflected in PD models on a timely basis. However, the Bank still considers separately additional qualitative factors to assess if credit risk has increased significantly. For corporate lending there is particular focus on assets that are included on the Bank's 'watch list' and for the retail portfolio the Bank considers the expectation of forbearance and payment holidays, credit scores and any other changes in the borrower's circumstances which are likely to adversely affect one's ability to meet contractual obligations.

Given that a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition is a relative measure, a given change, in absolute terms, in the PD will be more significant for a financial instrument with a lower initial PD than compared to a financial instrument with a higher PD.

The Bank assumes that when an asset becomes 30 days past due, the Bank considers that a significant increase in credit risk has occurred and the asset is in stage 2 of the impairment model, i.e. the loss allowance is measured as the lifetime ECL.

 (iii) Modification of loans

The Bank sometimes renegotiates or otherwise modifies the contractual cash flows of loans to customers. When this happens, the Bank assesses whether or not the new terms are substantially different to the original terms. The Bank does this by considering, among others, the following factors:

• If the borrower is in financial difficulty, whether the modification merely reduces the contractual cash flows to amounts the borrower is expected to be able to pay.

• Whether any substantial new terms are introduced, such as a profit share/equity-based return that substantially affects the risk profile of the loan.

• Significant extension of the loan term when the borrower is not in financial difficulty. Significant change in the interest rate.

• Change in the currency the loan is denominated in.

• Insertion of collateral, other security or credit enhancements that significantly affect the credit risk associated with the loan.

If the terms are substantially different, the Bank derecognises the original financial asset and recognises a 'new' asset at fair value and recalculates the new effective interest rate for the asset. The date of renegotiation is consequently considered to be the date of initial recognition for impairment calculation purposes, including for the purpose of determining whether a significant increase in credit risk has occurred. However, the Bank also assesses whether the new financial asset recognised is deemed to be credit-impaired at initial recognition, especially in circumstances where the renegotiation was driven by the debtor being unable to make the originally agreed payments. Differences in the carrying amount are also recognised in profit or loss as a gain or loss on derecognition.

If the terms are not substantially different, the renegotiation or modification does not result in derecognition, and the Bank recalculates the gross carrying amount based on the revised cash flows of the financial asset and recognises a modification gain or loss in profit or loss. The new gross carrying amount is recalculated by discounting the modified cash flows at the original effective interest rate (or credit-adjusted effective interest rate for purchased or originated credit-impaired financial assets).

 (iv) Derecognition other than on a modification

Financial assets, or a portion thereof, are derecognised when the contractual rights to receive the cash flows from the assets have expired, or when they have been transferred and either

• the Bank transfers substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership, or

• the Bank neither transfers nor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership and the Bank has not retained control.

The Bank enters into transactions where it retains the contractual rights to receive cash flows to other entities and transfers substantially all of the risks and rewards. These transactions are accounted for as 'pass through' transfers that result in derecognition if the Bank:

(i) Has no obligation to make payments unless it collects equivalent amounts from the assets;

(ii) Is prohibited from selling or pledging the assets; and

(iii) Has an obligation to remit any cash it collects from the assets without material delay.

Collateral (shares and bonds) furnished by the Bank under standard repurchase agreements and securities lending and borrowing transactions are not derecognised because the Bank retains substantially all the risks and rewards on the basis of the predetermined repurchase price, and the criteria for derecognition are therefore not met. This also applies to certain securitisation transactions in which the Bank retains a subordinated residual interest.

3.12.1.2 Financial Liabilities

i) Classification and subsequent measurement

In both the current and prior period, financial liabilities are classified as subsequently measured at amortised cost, except for:

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss: this classification is applied to financial liabilities held for trading (e.g. short positions in the trading booking) and other financial liabilities designated as such at initial recognition. Gains or losses on financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss are presented partially in other comprehensive income (the amount of change in the fair value of the financial liability that is attributable to changes in the credit risk of that liability, which is determined as the amount that is not attributable to changes in market conditions that give rise to market risk) and partially profit or loss (the remaining amount of change in the fair value of the liability). This is unless such a presentation would create, or enlarge, an accounting mismatch, in which case the gains and losses attributable to changes in the credit risk of the liability are also presented in profit or loss;

Financial liabilities arising from the transfer of financial assets which did not qualify for derecognition, whereby a financial liability is recognised for the consideration received for the transfer. In subsequent periods, the Bank recognises any expense incurred on the financial liability.

(ii) Derecognition

Financial liabilities are derecognised when they are extinguished (i.e. when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expires).

The exchange between the Bank and its original lenders of debt instruments with substantially different terms, as well as substantial modifications of the terms of existing financial liabilities, are accounted for as an extinguishment of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new financial liability. The terms are substantially different if the discounted present value of the cash flows under the new terms, including any fees paid net of any fees received and discounted using the original effective interest rate, is at least 10% different from the discounted present value of the remaining cash flows of the original financial liability. In addition, other qualitative factors, such as the currency that the instrument is denominated in, changes in the type of interest rate, new conversion features attached to the instrument and change in covenants are also taken into consideration. If an exchange of debt instruments or modification of terms is accounted for as an extinguishment, any costs or fees incurred are recognised as part of the gain or loss on the extinguishment. If the exchange or modification is not accounted for as an extinguishment, any costs or fees incurred adjust the carrying amount of the liability and are amortised over the remaining term of the modified liability.

3.12.1.3 Financial guarantee contracts and loan commitments

Financial guarantee contracts are contracts that require the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payments when due, in accordance with the terms of a debt instrument. Such financial guarantees are given to banks, financial institutions and others on behalf of customers to secure loans, overdrafts and other banking facilities.

 Financial guarantee contracts are initially measured at fair value and subsequently measured at the higher of:

· The amount of the loss allowance; and

· The premium received on initial recognition less income recognised in accordance with the principles of IFRS 15.

Loan commitments provided by the Bank are measured as the amount of the loss allowance. The Bank has not provided any commitment to provide loans at below-market interest rate, or that can be settled net in cash or by delivering or issuing another financial instrument.

For loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts, the loss allowance is recognised as a provision. However, for contracts that include both a loan and an undrawn commitment and the Bank cannot separately identify the expected credit losses on the undrawn commitment component from those on the loan component, the expected credit losses on the undrawn commitment are recognised together with the loss allowance for the loan. To the extent that the combined expected credit losses exceed the gross carrying amount of the loan, the expected credit losses are recognised as a provision.

3.12.1.4 Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgements

The preparation of financial statements requires the use of accounting estimates which, by definition, will seldom equal the actual results. Management also needs to exercise judgement in applying the Bank's accounting policies.

Note 2.5 (Use of estimates and judgements) provides an overview of the areas that involve a higher degree of judgement or complexity, and major sources of estimation uncertainty that have a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment within the next financial year. Detailed information about each of these estimates and judgements is included in the related notes together with information about the basis of calculation for each affected line item in the financial statements.

3.12.1.5 Measurement of the expected credit loss allowance

The measurement of the expected credit loss allowance for financial assets measured at amortised cost and FVOCI is an area that requires the use of complex models and significant assumptions about future economic conditions and credit behaviour (e.g. the likelihood of customers defaulting and the resulting losses). A number of significant judgements are also required in applying the accounting requirements for measuring ECL, such as:

· Determining criteria for significant increase in credit risk;

· Choosing appropriate models and assumptions for the measurement of ECL;

· Establishing the number and relative weightings of forward-looking scenarios for each type of product/market and the associated ECL; and

· Establishing groups of similar financial assets for the purposes of measuring ECL.

The Bank evaluates ECLs for 7 portfolios of audited corporates with overdraft limits, audited corporates without overdraft limits, unaudited corporates with overdraft limits, unaudited corporates without overdraft limits, SMEs with limits, SMEs without limits and Retail loans.

The guiding principle of the Expected Credit Loss evaluation is to reflect the general pattern of deterioration or improvement in the credit quality of financial instruments and allocate commensurate loss provisions. Under the general approach, there are two measurement bases:

· 12-month ECLs (Stage 1 ECLs) that is evaluated for all financial instruments with no significant deterioration in credit quality since initial recognition.

· Lifetime ECLs (Stages 2 and 3 ECLs) that is evaluated for financial instruments for which significant increase in credit risk or default has occurred on an individual or collective basis.

Probability of Default (PD)

The Bank defines Probability of Default as the likelihood that a borrower will fail to meet their contractual obligations in the future. The Bank's PD models have been built using historical credit default experience, present credit information as well as forward looking factors which affect the capacity of borrowers to meet their contractual obligations. The Bank used the logistic regression approach to construct PD models for Corporate, SME, Retail and Treasury Bills portfolios while the Merton model was adopted for Interbank Placements. The PD models are used at entity level to evaluate 12-month PDs for Day 1 losses and for financial instruments with no significant deterioration in credit risk since initial recognition, whilst lifetime PD is used for financial instruments for which significant increase in credit risk or default has occurred. 12-month PDs are derived using borrower present risk characteristics while lifetime PDs are derived using a combination of 12-month PDs, present borrower behaviour and forward looking macroeconomic factors.

Exposure at Default (EAD)

The Bank defines Exposure at Default as an estimation of the extent to which the Bank will be exposed to a counterparty in the event of a default. The Bank's EAD models have been built using historical experience of debt instruments that defaulted. The Bank used the linear regression approach to construct EAD models for Corporate, SME and Retail portfolios. For TBs and Interbank Placements, the Bank took a conservative approach of considering the full outstanding balance as the EAD at any given point in the lifetime of an instrument. The Bank's EAD models that use Credit Conversion Factors (CCFs) are applied on fully drawn down instruments while models that use Loan Equivalents (LEQs) are applied on partly drawn instruments. The EAD models are used at entity level to evaluate the proportion of the exposure that will be outstanding at the point of default.

Loss Given Default (LGD)

The Bank defines Loss Given Default as an estimate of the ultimate credit loss in the event of a default. The Bank's LGD models were built using historical experience of defaulted debt instruments and observed recoveries. The Bank used the linear regression approach to construct LGD models for Corporate, SME and Retail portfolios. For Treasury Bills and Interbank Placements, the Bank took a conservative approach of taking a fixed 100% as the LGD at any given point in the lifetime of an instrument. The LGD models are used at portfolio level to evaluate 12-month LGDs for financial instruments with no significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition and lifetime is applied LGDs for financial instruments for which significant increase in credit risk has occurred. 12-month LGDs were derived as historical loss rates while lifetime LGDs were derived using a combination of 12-month LGDs and forward looking macroeconomic factors such as GDP and Inflation.

TheB Bank's ECL model combines the output of the PD, EAD and LGD and computes an Expected Credit Loss that takes into account time value of money using the Effective Interest Rates (EIR) and time to maturity of the debt instruments.

The final ECL is a probability-weighted amount that is determined by evaluating three (3) possible outcomes of Best Case ECL, Baseline Case ECL, and Worst Case ECL. The Bank has modelled these three cases in such a way that the Best Case represents scenario of lower than market average default rates, the Base Case represents scenarios of comparable market average default rates and the Worst Case represent scenarios of higher than market average default rates. 

3.12.2 Regulatory guidelines and International Financial Reporting Standards requirements in respect of the Bank's activities

Renegotiated loans and advances

Where possible, the Bank seeks to restructure loans rather than to take possession of collateral. This may involve extending the payment arrangements and the agreement of new loan conditions. Once the terms have been re-negotiated, any impairment is measured using the original effective interest rate (EIR) as calculated before the modification of terms and the loan is no longer considered past due. Management continuously renews re-negotiated loans to ensure that all criteria are met and that future payments are likely to occur. The loans continue to be subject to an individual or collective impairment assessment, calculated using the loans original EIR.

Collateral valuation

The Bank seeks to use collateral, where possible, to mitigate its risks on financial assets. The collateral comes in various forms such as cash, securities, letters of credit/guarantees, real estate, receivables, inventories, other non-financial assets and credit enhancements such as netting agreements. The fair value of collateral is generally assessed, at a minimum, at inception and based on the Bank's quarterly reporting schedule, however, some collateral, for example, cash or securities relating to margining requirements, is valued daily. To the extent possible, the Bank uses active market data for valuing financial assets, held as collateral. Other financial assets which do not have a readily determinable market value are valued using models. Non-financial collateral, such as real estate, is valued based on data provided by third parties such as mortgage brokers, housing price indices, audited financial statements, and other independent sources.

Collateral repossessed

The Bank's policy is to determine whether a repossessed asset is best used for its internal operations or should be sold. Assets determined to be useful for the internal operations are transferred to their relevant asset category at the lower of their repossessed value or the carrying value of the original secured asset. Assets that are determined better to be sold are immediately transferred to assets held for sale at their fair value at the repossession date in line with the Bank's policy.

4. INTEREST INCOME

non-interest income

5.1 FEE AND COMMISSION INCOME

5.2 OTHER INCOME

6. Operating EXPENDITURE 

7. taxation

8. IMPAIRMENT LOSSES ON LOANS AND ADVANCES

Impairment losses are calculated by estimating the expected credit losses for all financial assets (including loan commitments and guarantees) measured at amortised cost or fair value through OCI (FVOCI). ECLs arising from financial assets measured at armotised cost and at FVOCI are recognized in profit or loss. However, the loss allowance in respect of assets measured at FVOCI shall not reduce the carrying amount of the financial asset in the Statement of Financial Position but will be accumulated in a reserve through OCI. The aggregate impairment losses which are made during the year are dealt with as per paragraph 8.3.

8.1 Lifetime expected credit losses

Lifetime ECLs are recognized where the Bank's counterparty to a financial asset has been classified as default as defined in the Bank's accounting and credit policies. Financial assets are written off against lifetime ECL provisions once the probability of recovering any significant amounts becomes remote.

8.2 Twelve Month Expected credit losses

The 12-Month ECL relates to the day 1 impairment provisions on financial assets as well as financial assets which are considered not to have had a significant increase in credit risk as defined in the Bank's accounting and credit policies.

8.3 Regulatory Guidelines and International Financial Reporting Standards Requirements

The Banking Regulations 2000 gives guidance on provisioning for doubtful debts and stipulates certain minimum percentages to be applied to the respective categories of the loan book.

IFRS 9, Financial Instruments IFRS 9, prescribes the provisioning for impairment losses based on the expected credit losses from the expected cash flows from financial assets held by the bank, including guarantees and loan commitments.

The two prescriptions are likely to give different results. The Group has taken the view that where the IFRS 9 charge is less than the amount provided for in the Banking Regulations, the difference is recognised directly in equity as a transfer from retained earnings to a regulatory reserve and where it is more, the full amount will be charged to the profit or loss.

8.4 Suspended interest

Interest on loans and advances is accrued to income until such time as reasonable doubt exists about its collectability, thereafter and until all or part of the loan is written off, interest continues to accrue on customers' accounts, but is not included in income. Such suspended interest is deducted from loans and advances in the statement of financial position. This policy meets the requirements of the Banking Regulations 2000 issued by the RBZ.

9. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the profit for the period attributable to ordinary equity holders of NMBZ Holdings Limited by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period.

Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing the profit attributable to ordinary equity holders of NMBZ Holdings Limited adjusted for the after tax effect of: (a) any dividends or other items related to dilutive potential ordinary shares deducted in arriving at profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent entity; (b) any interest recognised in the period related to dilute potential ordinary shares; (c) any other changes in income or expense that would result from the conversion of the dilutive potential ordinary shares, by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year plus the weighted average number of ordinary shares; that would be issued on the conversion of all the dilutive potential ordinary shares into ordinary shares.

9.1 Earnings

9.2 Number of shares

9.3 Earnings per share (US cents)

10. SHARE CAPITAL

10.1 Authorised

10.2 Issued and fully paid

10.2.1 Ordinary shares

10.2.2 Redeemable ordinary shares

A total of 7 943 318 ordinary shares were issued to existing shareholders in March 2018 as scrip dividend. Of the unissued ordinary shares of 207 million shares (2017 - 214 million), options which may be granted in terms of the 2012 ESOS amount to 23 942 639. No share options were exercised from the scheme as at 30 June 2018.

Subject to the provisions of section 183 of the Companies Act (Chapter 24:03), the unissued shares are under the control of the directors.

11. REDEEMABLE ORDINARY SHARES

On 30 June 2013 the Company received US$14 831 145 capital from Nederlandse Financierings-Maatschappij Voor Ontiwikkelingslanden N.V. (FMO), Norwegian Investment Fund for Developing Countries (Norfund) and AfricInvest Financial Sector Holdings (AfricInvest) who were allocated 34 571 429 shares each (total of 103 714 287) for individually investing US$4 943 715. This amount, net of share issue expenses, was used to recapitalise the Bank in order to contribute towards the minimum capital requirements set by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe of US$100 million by 31 December 2020. FMO and Norfund combined together with Rabobank to form ARISE which is a development finance institution primarily focusing on investing in African financial institutions to support and enhance financial service delivery in Africa.

NMBZ Holdings Limited (NMBZ) entered into a share buy-back agreement with Norfund, FMO and AfricInvest, where these three strategic investors have a right on their own discretion at any time after the 5th anniversary (30 June 2018) but before the 9th anniversary (30 June 2022) of its first subscription date, to request NMBZ to buy back all or part of its NMBZ shares at a price to be determined using the agreed terms as detailed in the share buy-back agreement. The 5th anniversary, which is the initial exercisable date of the share buy-back agreement was reached on 30 June 2018. However, the financial liability referred to below did not arise as the Bank has not yet reached the US$100 million minimum capital threshold. It is a condition precedent that at any point when the share buy-back is being considered, the proceeds used to finance the buy-back should come from the distributable reserves which are over and above the minimum regulatory capital requirements. Further, no buy-back option can be exercised by any investor after the 9th anniversary (30 June 2022) of the effective date.

The share buy-back agreement creates a potential obligation for NMBZ Holdings Limited to purchase its own instruments. Thus shares issued gave rise to a potential financial liability and are classified as redeemable ordinary shares as shareholders' liabilities. 

12. SUBORDINATED TERM LOAN

 In 2013, the Bank received a subordinated term loan amounting to US$1.4 million from a Development Financial Institution which attracts an interest rate of LIBOR plus 10% and has a seven year maturity date (13 June 2020) from the first disbursement date.

The above liability would, in the event of the winding up of the issuer, be subordinated to the claims of depositors and all other creditors of the issuer. The Group has not had any defaults of the principal and interest and other breaches with respect to this subordinated loan during the six months period ended 30 June 2018.

13. DepositS and other accounts

13.1 Deposits and other accounts

` 

\* The carrying amounts of current and deposit accounts and trade and other payables approximate the

related fair values due to their short term nature.

** Included in deposits from banks and other financial institutions are loan balances of US$5 103 666 (30 June 2017 - US$5 015 157), US$3 308 393 (30 June 2017 - Nil), US$1 642 642 214 (30 June 2017 - Nil) and US$2 014 799 (30 June 2017 - US$4 178 313) due to Norsad, Nederlandse Financierings-Maatschappij Voor Ontiwikkelingslanden (FMO), Swedfund and Societie de Promotion de Paticipation Pour la Cooperation Economique SA (Proparco) respectively. FMO and Swedfund facilities will mature on 16 October 2020, whilst the Proparco facility will mature on 15 April 2019. The Norsad facility matured on 18 April 2018. The Group defaulted on the Norsad principal amount due to Nostro funding challenges. However, the total outstanding amount due to Norsad was subsequently settled in full on the 20th of July 2018. The Group did not have any other defaults on the principal and interest with respect to the other loans during the period ended 30 June 2018.

There were breaches to the Proparco, Norsad and Norfund financial covenants regarding the following ratios as at 30 June 2018:

Aggregate large exposure ratio - 40.22% (instead of a maximum of 25%).

Loan loss reserve - 21.13% (instead of a minimum of 40%).

The Bank will apply for a waiver of the non - compliant ratios by 30 September 2018.

13.2 Maturity analysis

13.3 Sectoral analysis of deposits

14. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

14.1 Investment securities

The Group holds treasury bills and government bonds totalling US$100 137 224 with interest rates ranging from 2% to 10%. The Treasury Bills are measured at amortised cost in line with the Bank's business model to collect contractual cashflows and the contractual terms are such that the financial assets give rise to cashflows that are solely payments of principal and interest. Of the total Treasury Bills balance of US$100 137 224, a total of US$52 152 776 had been pledged as security against interbank borrowings.

14.2 Maturity analysis of investment securities held to maturity

14.2.1 Maturity analysis of investment securities - amortised cost

14.3 Maturity analysis of investment securities available for sale

14.4 Fair values of financial instruments

14.4.1 Financial instruments measured at fair value - fair value hierarchy

During the reporting period ended 30 June 2018 and 31 December 2017, there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements, and no transfers into and out of Level 3 fair value measurements. The trade investments were valued using the market value method.

Level 3 fair value measurements

Reconciliation of trade investments

14.4.2 Financial instruments not measured at fair value

The table below sets out the fair values of financial instruments not measured at fair value and analyses them by the level in the fair value hierarchy into which each fair value measurement is categorised.

15. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

15.1 Interbank placements

*Nostro accounts are foreign domiciled bank accounts operated by the Bank for the facilitation of offshore transactions on behalf of clients.

Balances with the Central Bank, other banks and cash are used to facilitate customer transactions which include payments and cash withdrawals. During the year, the Central Bank through Exchange Control Operational Guide 8 (ECOGAD 8) introduced prioritisation criteria which have to be followed when making foreign payments on behalf of customers. After prioritisation, foreign payments are then made subject to availability of bank balances with foreign correspondent banks, resulting in possible delay of payment of telegraphic transfers. However, no delay is expected in the settlement of local transactions through the Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) system.

Of the cash and cash equivalents balance, an amount of US$526 316 was pledged to Proparco as collateral for offshore lines of credit.

16. LOANS, ADVANCES AND OTHER ASSETS

16. 1 Total loans, advances and other assets

16.2 Sectoral analysis of utilizations