Full Year Results

12 March 2025

Strong cash generation; improved performance in H2

1Adjusted results for the Group have been presented before exceptional and adjusting items (2024: income of £2.7m, 2023: expense of £14.0m) relative to statutory profit as explained in Alternative Performance Measures within note 14. Presenting these measures allows a consistent comparison with prior periods.

2EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA and net debt before leases are APMs, as explained in note 14. They are presented above under the statutory heading, being calculated with reference to statutory results without adjustment.

RESULTS HIGHLIGHTS

• Revenue flat year-on-year, with a double digit increase in H2 24 relative to both the prior year and H1 24

• 2024 UK brick industry despatches up 2% compared with 2023, with Q4 despatches c.20% ahead of the corresponding period; total UK brick consumption remains c.30% behind 2022 levels

• Pricing discipline maintained with selling prices remaining relatively stable across our product range

• Adjusted EBITDA of £52.0m, slightly ahead of our revised expectations of around £50m

• Strong improvement in cash generation with adjusted operation cash flow of £60.1m

• Good ongoing strategic progress at Desford, Wilnecote and Accrington with our solar farm also commencing generation in the year

• Net debt before leases of £84.9m, equating to leverage of c.1.9 times on a banking covenant basis; further debt reduction expected in 2025

• Recommended final dividend of 2.0p per share (2023: 2.0p) in line with our temporary policy of distributing 40% of earnings

Neil Ash, Chief Executive Officer, commented:

"2024 saw the continuation of the challenging market conditions we have witnessed over the last two years, though the second half saw an improving position. Our focus has been on the areas we can control and delivered a resilient performance by successfully aligning our production to demand and returning the Group to a position of strong cash generation. We also continued to make good progress with our £140m strategic capital investment programme at Desford, Wilnecote and Accrington, which is now nearing completion.

"Trading in the first two months of 2025 has continued the positive trends seen in the final quarter of 2024, with our brick despatches 17% ahead of the prior year. We are currently concluding our customer pricing discussions and expect to deliver necessary price increases to offset cost inflation. We continue to take encouragement from the Government's ambition to materially increase housebuilding but remain wary of the challenges in delivering this. During 2025, we anticipate some recovery in our markets, whilst remaining mindful of the wider macroeconomic conditions. Following our significant strategic investment in increased manufacturing capacity, the Group remains well placed as its key markets recover."

A presentation for analysts will be held today, 12 March 2025, at 09.00am. A video webcast of the presentation will be available on the Investors section of our website (http://forterraplc.co.uk/).

ABOUT FORTERRA PLC

Forterra is a leading UK manufacturer of essential clay and concrete building products, with a unique combination of strong market positions in clay bricks, concrete blocks and precast concrete flooring. Our heritage dates back many decades and the durability, longevity and inherent sustainability of our products is evident in the construction of buildings that last for generations; wherever you are in Britain, you won't be far from a building with a Forterra product within its fabric.

Our clay brick business combines our extensive secure mineral reserves with modern and efficient high-volume manufacturing processes to produce large quantities of extruded and soft mud bricks, primarily for the new build housing market. We are also the sole manufacturer of the iconic Fletton brick, sold under the London Brick brand, used in the original construction of nearly a quarter of England's housing stock and today used extensively by homeowners carrying out extension or improvement work. Within our concrete blocks business, we are one of the leading producers of aircrete and aggregate blocks, the former being sold under one of the sector's principal brands of Thermalite. Our precast concrete products are sold under the established Bison Precast brand, and are utilised in a wide spectrum of applications, from new build housing to commercial and infrastructure.

INTRODUCTION

2024 was another challenging year for our industry. Whilst we saw a continuation of the depressed trading conditions we first experienced in 2023 with subdued demand across our product range, we did see some modest improvement through the second half. Our brick production output was below 60% of installed capacity which has clearly led to significant operating inefficiency with brick factories in particular having a high percentage of fixed costs. Against this, we delivered a resilient response, successfully aligning our production to demand and returning the Group to a position of strong cash generation.

Notwithstanding the market driven headwinds and uncertainty that we faced, we made continued progress on our strategy with our £140m programme of capital investment in our three projects at Desford, Wilnecote and Accrington nearing completion.  We made excellent progress with the commissioning of our new £12m brick slip production facility at Accrington, which will be delivered both on time and on budget. This investment sits at the heart of the 'beyond the core' arm of our strategy which will capitalise on the growth opportunities afforded by modern methods of construction.

Under the 'strengthening the core' arm of our strategy, we continue to make progress on ramping up production and increasing efficiency at our Desford brick factory, where we successfully addressed a number of snagging and efficiency issues during an extended shutdown in the summer of 2024. We are also making progress on the reinstatement of our Wilnecote factory despite setbacks with our supply chain. This will offer us greater diversification through strengthening our offering to the attractive commercial and specification market. The £30m redevelopment is on course for completion in Q2 2025 with the kiln expected to be lit in the near future.

OUR MARKETS

2024 industry brick despatches increased by 2% relative to the low point of 2023. Whilst demand remained depressed throughout the year, 2024 did see a more stable pattern whilst 2023 was subject to significant monthly fluctuation. At the half year, UK brick industry despatches were 9% behind the prior year, offset by the second half being 15% ahead, bringing the full year variance to a 2% increase.

The Construction Products Association estimates that in 2024 new housing completions fell by 21% relative to 2023. Housing starts are also estimated to have fallen by 10%. In 2023 demand for bricks fell more markedly than the headline housing starts and completion figures, this being a function of housebuilder order books, work in progress and the inventories of construction materials they held. 2024 showed slight improvement in brick demand, whilst housing starts and completions statistics showed further reductions.

With imports of bricks to the UK falling by 4% in the year to 316 million bricks, total UK brick consumption remained at approximately 1.7 billion bricks (2023: 1.7 billion), which is still around 30% below 2022 consumption of 2.5 billion bricks. At the same time housing starts and completions were 35% and 19% below 2022 levels respectively. With brick consumption falling further from 2022 levels relative to completions, this supports the view that brick consumption has the potential to grow at a faster rate than housing completions in the short-term.

CURRENT TRADING AND OUTLOOK

Trading in the first two months of 2025 continued the positive trends seen in the final quarter of 2024, with our brick despatches around 17% ahead of the prior year, although the comparative was impacted by adverse weather conditions. This is supported by DBT statistics showing that industry brick despatches in January were 11% ahead of the prior year. Entering 2025, we are facing more normal levels of cost inflation, but with the added challenge of increasing Employers' National Insurance contributions from April 2025 as outlined in the Autumn Budget. We are currently concluding our customer pricing discussions and expect to deliver necessary price increases to offset cost inflation.

We continue to take encouragement from the Government's ambition to materially increase housebuilding, but remain wary of the challenges in delivering this. We look forward to the Government considering wider levers to stimulate both supply and demand for new housing. During 2025, we anticipate a steady but modest recovery in our markets, whilst remaining mindful of wider macroeconomic conditions. We believe the Group remains well placed to capitalise as its key markets recover and retain our view that based on 2022 performance coupled with benefits of our strategic investments, notably Desford, the Group is capable of delivering an annual EBITDA of c.120m in the medium-term.

RESULTS FOR THE YEAR

REVENUE

Total revenue of £344.3m is in line with the prior year (2023: £346.4m) although sales volumes to some extent varied by product. Our brick despatches were closely aligned to the wider market, being flat year-on-year, although with an improving trend through 2024. Despatches in the second half demonstrated a double digit increase relative to the first half. Demand for our concrete products did improve, particularly in the second half, with Aircrete showing the strongest increase, driven by both changes in Building Regulations as well as production challenges faced by our competitors. Pricing remained broadly stable across our product range.

ADJUSTED EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST, TAX, DEPRECIATION AND AMORTISATION (EBITDA)

Adjusted EBITDA was £52.0m (2023: £58.1m) with profitability impacted not only by depressed demand, but also by the significant operating inefficiencies that we are forced to carry until demand recovers to normalised levels. As a reminder, our 2023 result benefited from the absorption of fixed costs as we increased our inventory levels, something we didn't do in 2024. 

Our business is managed as two segments and we allocate our central overheads to each segment based on a historic revenue-driven allocation mechanism, with central overheads allocated to Bricks and Blocks and Bespoke Products in the ratio 80%:20% respectively. In practice, the allocation of overheads to Bespoke Products exceeds the level of overheads that are directly applicable to this segment, such that if this segment was to be discontinued or divested then the saving of overheads, would in reality, be modest. Accordingly, we also disclose the allocation of central overheads to give greater visibility of the underlying profitability of our segments, in particular Bespoke Products. Bricks and Blocks segmental adjusted EBITDA was £49.0m (2023: £52.1m) and Bespoke Products contributed an adjusted EBITDA of £3.0m (2023: £6.0m).

ADJUSTED PROFIT BEFORE TAX

Adjusted profit before tax was £22.1m (2023: £31.1m) with the reduction driven primarily by the fall in EBITDA as highlighted above, along with an increase in both the level and cost of borrowing.

STATUTORY PROFIT BEFORE TAX

On a statutory basis, profit before tax (PBT) was £24.8m (2023: £17.1m). This is stated after charging adjusting and exceptional items as set out under the sections for exceptional and adjusting items.

OPERATING INEFFICIENCIES

Following the sharp fall in demand for our products in 2023, we successfully aligned our production with prevailing market demand. These actions were substantially completed in 2023 and in 2024 our brick production aligned to demand, albeit with a resultant but unavoidable operating inefficiency within our factory network.

Overall, in 2024 our brick production output was below 60% of our installed capacity (excluding Howley Park, which we have now closed permanently) leading to significant operating inefficiencies, with brick factories having a high percentage of fixed costs within their cost base.

We mothballed our brick factories at Howley Park and Claughton in 2023 and we have since determined that our Howley Park factory will not reopen as it was approaching the end of its useful life when it was mothballed and would not be cost effective to reinstate, especially with the optionality of future development at our Swillington site only a short distance away.

Whereas in some cases mothballing is the most cost-efficient option to reduce output, this is not always possible. At other factories we have reduced output by reducing the number of shifts that we operate, most commonly in our concrete products factories where variable input costs are the largest component of our production costs. In other cases, it is more efficient to run factories at full output but for only part of the year.

At Desford we undertook an extended shutdown in the summer to address a number of snagging issues and have made good progress since then. Whilst the factory is not yet able to achieve its designed level of efficiency, mainly because market conditions only allow us to run one of the twin kilns at any one time, we have recently conducted a detailed review into factory performance and remain confident in its ability to achieve its target of £25m annual EBITDA, assuming a return to 2022 market conditions.

OPERATING COSTS

Our cost base was broadly stable throughout the year although we did see a degree of labour cost inflation along with a substantial increase in business rates. Our energy costs have stabilised as expected, but remain significantly above pre-pandemic levels, with the cost of our inputs, particularly those with a high energy component, such as cement, not reducing.

We take a risk-based approach to energy procurement, layering forward purchase positions where we see future value, to provide cost certainty. The Group generally purchases up to 80% of expected energy usage in this manner. Under normal circumstances the Group takes delivery of, and consumes all the gas and electricity purchased under each forward contract, and in doing so the costs associated with the purchase of gas and electricity are accounted for in the income statement at the point of consumption. However, following substantial reductions in output, based on our revised expectations of production, we over-purchased energy and sold any surplus back to the market, crystallising a gain or loss. Forward contracts open at the balance sheet date, where a sell-back is expected to occur, are accounted for as derivative assets or liabilities with any associated fair value movements recognised in the income statement and presented as adjusting items.

Looking ahead, we have forward purchased around 85% of our energy requirement for 2025, providing a high degree of price certainty. From April 2025 we will gain the full financial benefit of the Forterra Solar Farm, having originally signed the 15-year Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) in 2022. Whilst we have been receiving power since May 2024, the first 11 months are chargeable at a higher prevailing market rate ahead of the formal commencement of the PPA providing price certainty over a 15-year period.

BRICKS AND BLOCKS

We possess a unique combination of strong market positions in both clay brick and concrete blocks.

We are the only manufacturer of the iconic and original Fletton brick sold under the London Brick brand. Fletton bricks were used in the original construction of nearly a quarter of England's existing housing stock and are today used to match existing brickwork by homeowners carrying out extension or improvement work. We operate eight brick factories in seven locations across the country with a total installed production capacity of approximately 600 million bricks per annum.

We are also a leader nationally in the aircrete block market, operating two Thermalite block facilities in the Midlands and South of England. In addition, our aggregate block business has a leading position in the important Southeast and East of England markets where it has two well-located manufacturing facilities. This segment also includes Formpave, the Group's concrete block paving business.

Our clay reserves are the foundation that our brick business is built upon and are the primary raw material used in manufacturing our bricks. Each of our brick factories is located adjacent to a quarry supplying locally sourced clay directly into the manufacturing process. Sourcing material locally is sustainable and therefore preferable wherever possible as it avoids the costs and carbon emissions associated with transportation. Our mineral reserves also provide a natural barrier, reducing the threat of new entrants entering the market as the planning process to secure consent for a 'green-field' quarry and associated brick factory can take as long as 10 years. Each of the new brick factories built in the UK over the last two decades have been redevelopments of existing facilities utilising established quarries. We have access to over 90 million tonnes of minerals, and on average these reserves are sufficient to sustain manufacturing operations for 50 years. The majority of our minerals are owned, although a small amount are secured by way of lease with a royalty payable at the point of extraction.

TRADING AND RESULTS

The performance of the Bricks and Blocks segment was principally driven by the demand dynamics outlined above. Bricks and Blocks sales revenues were £276.7m, in line with the prior year (2023: £277.4m). Segmental adjusted EBITDA totalled £49.0m (2023: £52.1m), a decrease of 6.0%. Adjusted EBITDA margin was 17.7% (2023: 18.8%). We were pleased to deliver an EBITDA margin of almost 18% whilst running our network of factories at around 60% of capacity.

1Revenue is stated before inter-segment eliminations.

2Both EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA are APMs, as explained within note 14. EBITDA is presented above under the statutory heading, being calculated with reference to statutory results without adjustment.

3Overhead allocations are costs centrally incurred by the Group, including general administrative expenses.

SALES VOLUMES

Our own brick despatches remained closely correlated with wider market trends. Our aggregate block business also reported year-on-year growth in despatches aligned to the wider brick market. Our aircrete block business demonstrated the strongest volume performance with volumes increasing by more than 20%, allowing us to reduce the significant inventory we had accumulated in 2023. We believe this increase in demand was attributable in part to changes in the Building Regulations, increasing usage of thermally efficient aircrete, although we also likely benefited from our competitors experiencing supply constraints.

PRICING AND COSTS

We saw a continued stabilisation of our cost base in 2024 following the significant cost inflation seen in recent years. As expected, our energy costs peaked in 2023 and although we have seen some stabilisation in 2024, these remained significantly ahead of longer-term norms. We did however experience continued cost inflation in other categories, namely staff costs and in particular business rates.

Armed with forward visibility of these increases in our cost base, in late 2023 we announced modest price increases aimed at recovering this cost inflation to apply from early 2024. Unfortunately, challenging market conditions and competitor behaviours determined that these price increases did not hold in the market, as we needed to ensure our pricing remained competitive. Despite this, brick pricing remained broadly stable throughout the year and at the end of 2024 our brick prices remain only mid-high single digits below the levels achieved at the end of 2022. Pricing of our aggregate and aircrete block products followed a similar pattern to bricks, remaining broadly stable in the year.

OPERATIONS

This year brought a degree of stability to our manufacturing operations. With the management actions necessary to align our production with customer demand announced and committed towards the end of 2023, 2024 saw the completion of these measures with a number of colleagues regrettably leaving the business in the first quarter.

Thereafter, our manufacturing operations ran consistently at a reduced level of output. Aside from some continuing commissioning challenges at Desford, which we substantially addressed through an extended two-month summer shut down, our factories ran well and we made good progress on our renewed focus on manufacturing excellence, delivering a number of savings in the year and contributing to our successful cash management.

As the end of the year approached we took the first steps in what we refer to as 'Project Rebound', our roadmap to increasing the Group's output back to 2022 levels and beyond. The first step was to increase production of our aircrete blocks after a strong 2024 performance which saw a significant reduction in our inventories of this product. We have created 40 new roles within the business with production increasing from January 2025.

Each of our previous rationalisation actions were taken with a view to reducing output in the short-term without diminishing the long-term productive capacity of the business. However during 2024 we considered the position of our Howley Park brick factory, taking the decision that the mothballing of this plant would in fact become a permanent closure. Howley Park was the oldest and least efficient brick factory in our network, originally opening in the 1970s. The plant was already approaching the end of its useful life when it was mothballed, with the Group having optionality to develop a replacement factory at nearby Swillington.

With the opening of our new factory at Desford giving us an effective 22% increase in our brick production capacity, our market projections did not envisage requiring Howley Park until 2029 or beyond, by which time it would have been mothballed for around six years and the costs of recommissioning the factory would not have made financial sense given the plant's relatively short remaining life and high cost of production. The Group currently retains the factory site and is considering its future use. Inclusive of the closure of Howley Park, our investments at Desford and Wilnecote will leave us with a net 15% increase in brick production capacity relative to the last turn of the cycle, supplemented by our new market-leading brick slip manufacturing facility at Accrington.

BESPOKE PRODUCTS

Precast concrete products are designed, manufactured and shipped nationwide under the Bison Precast brand from two facilities situated in the Midlands. Our products comprise beam and block flooring, including Jetfloor, which was the UK's first suspended ground floor system to use expanded polystyrene blocks combined with a structural concrete topping to provide high levels of thermal insulation; hollowcore floors alongside accompanying staircases and landings are used for upper floors of multi-family and commercial developments, structural precast components including precast concrete walls used in applications such as hotels and prisons, and concrete beams used in the construction of building frames as well as stadia components; architectural precast concrete façades, in a variety of finishes including brick facings.

TRADING AND RESULTS

Precast concrete flooring solutions represent by far the largest component of this segment by revenue and profitability. The performance of this segment was correlated to that of bricks and blocks. Segmental turnover in the year was broadly flat at £71.5m (2023: £72.7m).

Segmental adjusted EBITDA stated before allocation of Group overheads was £7.3m (2023: £10.5m). It is worth highlighting that in contrast to Bricks and Blocks, this segment had a particularly strong 2023 with performance ahead of 2022. After an allocation of Group overheads totalling £4.3m (2023: £4.5m), the segment's adjusted EBITDA was £3.0m (2023: £6.0m).

1Revenue is stated before inter-segment eliminations.

2Both EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA are APMs, as explained within note 14. EBITDA is presented above under the statutory heading, being calculated with reference to statutory results without adjustment.

3Overhead allocations are costs centrally incurred by the Group, including general administrative expenses.

SALES VOLUMES

Overall, floor beam despatches increased by around 10% relative to the prior year with a significant improvement seen in the second half of the year, with despatches approximately 20% ahead of the first half. Hollowcore was more challenging as despite a strong order book, we suffered from slippage and delay of customer projects which meant we manufactured and despatched less product than the previous year.

PRICING AND COSTS

In common with Bricks and Blocks, this segment experienced a modest level of underlying cost inflation although there was some additional volatility in the cost of insulation, its largest single input cost. Challenging market conditions resulted in some small reductions in selling prices which meant we were unable to offset the volatility in insulation costs, impacting margins accordingly.

ALTERNATIVE PERFORMANCE MEASURES 

In order to provide the most transparent understanding of the Group's performance, we use alternative performance measures (APMs) which are not defined or specified under IFRS. The Group believes that these APMs provide additional helpful information on how the trading performance of the Group is reported and reviewed internally by management and the Board, allowing non-trading items which are less likely to recur to be assessed separately.

Management and the Board use several profit related APMs in assessing Group performance and profitability. These are considered before the impact of exceptional and adjusting items. Exceptional and adjusting items are detailed below and a full reconciliation between adjusted and statutory results is presented within note 14 to the consolidated financial information.

EXCEPTIONAL ITEMS

Exceptional items include redundancy and termination costs associated with the restructuring of our operations in response to the market downturn. Whilst the bulk of these actions were announced in 2023, modest further restructuring measures took place during 2024. In addition, the Group incurred exceptional costs of £2.7m in respect of an aborted corporate transaction as announced at the time of the interim results. The Board actively considers opportunities for inorganic growth through acquisition, however will only proceed should opportunities not only meet our strategic objectives but also provide demonstrable value for our shareholders.

ADJUSTING ITEMS

In addition to exceptional items, we have also identified further adjusting items, the separate disclosure of which allows us to present our results in a manner that will allow users of our financial statements to understand the underlying trading performance of the business applying consistent treatments as used by management to monitor the performance of the Group.

Adjusting items in the current and previous year relate to both realised and open energy positions where committed energy purchased by the Group has or is expected to exceed consumption. Where forward energy contracts are expected to be utilised in full, we apply the own use exception within IFRS 9 Financial Instruments and these are not marked to market. Where we have energy in excess of our anticipated needs secured under forward contracts, these contracts do not meet the own use exemption and as such are treated as derivatives and marked to market, resulting in gains and losses as market prices fluctuate. Any impact on the profit and loss as a result of this marked to market treatment, along with profits and losses on the sale of surplus energy, are shown as adjusting items.

1Both EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA are APMs, as explained within note 14. EBITDA is presented above under the statutory heading, being calculated with reference to statutory results without adjustment.

FINANCE COSTS

Finance costs totalled £9.1m (2023: £7.0m). The increase in our finance costs relative to the prior year was primarily a function of increasing levels of borrowing through 2023 along with increasing interest rates through 2023, with these only falling slightly towards the end of 2024. In addition, an increased margin became payable as leverage increased. Finance costs are stated net of capitalised interest of £2.1m (2023: £nil) in respect of the capital investment projects at Wilnecote and Accrington.

Under the terms of the credit agreement, interest is payable according to a margin grid dependent on leverage starting with a margin of SONIA plus 1.65% applicable whilst leverage (net debt/adjusted EBITDA, as measured before the impact of IFRS 16) is less than 0.5 times, rising to a margin of 3.5% if leverage is greater than 3.5 times. A commitment fee of 35% of the margin was payable on the undrawn credit facility.

TAXATION

The adjusted effective tax rate (ETR) excluding the impacts of exceptional and adjusted items was 27.1% (2023: 24.5%). The increase in the ETR is partly driven by the full year effect of the increase in the UK statutory rate of corporation tax to 25.0% (2023: 23.5%). The ETR is higher than the UK main rate of corporation tax due to the permanent impact of non-deductible items such as depreciation on non-qualifying assets. With adjusted profits in 2024 being lower than 2023, the impact of permanent non-deducible items as a percentage of profit is higher and has increased the adjusted ETR. The statutory ETR was 29.5% (2023: 25.0%) with the increase attributable to the reasons laid out above, along with the impact of non-deductible professional fees incurred on an aborted corporate transaction.

EARNINGS PER SHARE (EPS)

Adjusted basic EPS was 7.6p (2023: 11.4p). Statutory basic EPS was 8.3p (2023: 6.2p). EPS is calculated as the weighted average number of shares in issue during the year (excluding those held by the Employee Benefit Trust (EBT)) which in 2024 was 210.6 million shares (2023: 206.6 million).

CASH FLOW

It is within our cash flow statement that our improved year-on-year performance is most visible. 2023 was characterised by a large increase in borrowings as inventories increased markedly as it took time to right-size our business in response to the sudden reduction in market demand. Cash and balance sheet management have been key focus areas and in 2024 we are reporting a return to a strong adjusted operating cash flow, demonstrating the success of our management actions in placing the Group on a firm financial footing.

Adjusted operating cash flow recovered to £60.1m (2023: adjusted operating cash outflow of £5.3m), a year-on-year improvement of £65.4m. This helped drive a £8.3m reduction in net debt before leases to £84.9m (2023: £93.2m) despite a total capital expenditure of £25.6m including £21.6m on our three strategic projects at Desford, Wilnecote and Accrington. This improved performance is primarily a result of our ability to align production to demand, with inventories, particularly of our concrete products, reducing in the year, demonstrating that despite a continuation of challenging market conditions, we have successfully adapted our operations to current demand. Inventories decreased by a total of £13.8m with brick inventories remaining broadly stable.

The cash flows driven by movements in receivables and payables are primarily a function of increasing sales activity, particularly in the final part of the year where the prior year comparatives were particularly weak.

Cash outflows in respect of adjusting items comprise restructuring costs of £3.8m, the majority of which were committed in the prior year, fees in respect of the aborted corporate transaction of £2.7m and payments to settle surplus gas contracts of £1.8m.

The Group received a net tax refund of £0.4m, driven by a refund of £2.2m received in respect of 2023. The Corporation tax charge in respect of 2024 is £3.2m, this liability was satisfied by payments to HMRC of £1.8m and an estimated R&D tax credit claim for 2024 of £1.4m.

The new lease liabilities entered into in the year primarily relate to plant and equipment and vehicles with these assets renewed on a regular basis in the ordinary course of business.

Net receipts from the EBT in the year totalled £5.1m (2023: payment of £1.0m). With challenging trading conditions determining that Performance Share Plan (PSP) awards due to vest in 2024 will not do so, the EBT's current requirement for shares to satisfy awards is diminished, hence no contributions are being made to the EBT at present. During the year the Company received proceeds of £3.5m from the EBT in respect of the 2023 SAYE scheme that vested in late 2023. As at the year end, the EBT held 1.9 million shares (2023: 5.5 million shares) with a market value of £3.1m (2023: £9.7m) with the decrease primarily attributable to the 2.3 million shares used to satisfy exercised sharesave awards. It remains our policy to provide shares for settlement of our share-based employee reward schemes through open market purchases as opposed to the issue of new share capital.

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE

The cash outflow in relation to capital expenditure excluding capitalised borrowing costs totalled £25.6m (2023: £34.1m) with strategic capital expenditure totalling £21.6m (2023: £19.3m) and maintenance capital expenditure totalling £4.0m (2023: £14.8m). 

Strategic capital expenditure has been focused upon the projects at Wilnecote and Accrington. The Accrington project is nearing completion, and is expected to be delivered in line with both timetable and budget, with commissioning underway ahead of the year end. Cash spend was £8.0m (2023: £3.2m) in the year excluding capitalised borrowing costs of £0.5m (2023: £nil).

Each of our three strategic capital investment projects have been executed under fixed price contracts which have provided us with price certainty at a time of significant cost inflation. Were the Desford project to commence today, management estimate the cost would rise to approximately £120m compared to the budget of £95m which we set in 2019 and still expect to meet. 

The Wilnecote project continues to progress although it has been subject to a number of supplier-driven delays. Whilst we have benefited significantly from a fixed price contract, this has placed significant pressure on our suppliers and has contributed to delays. Cash spend on Wilnecote in the year totalled £10.7m (2023: £10.9m) bringing total spend on the project to £28.6m, excluding capitalised interest. We still expect to deliver the factory broadly within its original £30m budget.

The reduction in maintenance capital spend reflects our balance sheet management and also the temporary reduction in our output. The prior year comparative also included around £6.0m of one-off items including solar panels at our Desford facility. Our capex spend in 2025 is expected to reduce to around £15m, with approximately £8m of this related to the completion of the strategic projects. 

BORROWINGS AND FACILITIES

At 31 December 2024 net debt before leases was £84.9m equating to leverage of c.1.9 times on a banking covenant basis and an £8.3m reduction on 2023 (£93.2m) notwithstanding capital spend of over £20m on our strategic projects during the year. Net debt after adding lease liabilities of £20.9m (2023: £24.2m) was £105.8m (2023: £117.4m). These leases primarily relate to plant and equipment, in particular the fleet of heavy goods vehicles used to deliver our products to our customers.

The Group's credit facility comprises a committed revolving credit facility (RCF) of £170m extending to January 2027 with an option for an extension to June 2028 subject to lender consent. At the year-end a total of £100.0m was drawn on the facility, leaving headroom of £70.0m.

The facility is normally subject to covenant restrictions of net debt/EBITDA (as measured before the impact of IFRS 16) of less than three times and interest cover of greater than four times. The Group also benefits from an uncommitted overdraft facility of £10.0m. The Group has traded comfortably within these covenants throughout 2024 although in order to ensure a sufficient degree of headroom, amended covenants were agreed with the Group's lenders. Accordingly, the Group's leverage covenant was increased to 3.75 times in December 2024 with interest cover decreasing to 3 times. In addition, quarterly covenant testing has been introduced for the period of the covenant relaxation. As such, in March 2025 leverage is set at 3.75 times and interest cover at 3 times. The covenants return to normal levels from June 2025 with testing reverting to half yearly. The existing restriction prohibiting the declaration or payment of dividends should leverage exceed 3 times EBITDA was amended to 4 times EBITDA in 2024 before returning to 3 times in 2025.

The facility is linked to our sustainability targets with the opportunity to adjust the margin by 5 bps subject to achieving annual sustainability targets covering decarbonisation, plastic reduction and increasing the number of employees in earn and learn positions. Unfortunately, primarily as a consequence of our response to market conditions and the subsequent loss in operating efficiency, these targets were not achieved in 2024. Further information is included in our Sustainability Report.

We expect a further acceleration in debt reduction in 2025 with improving markets and strategic capex spend expected to total £8.0m (2024: £21.6m) as we complete the three projects at Desford, Wilnecote and Accrington.

In line with previous seasonal trends, this debt reduction is likely in H2 2025 with a modest increase in net debt likely at HY 2025. The Board reiterates its long-term leverage target of 1.5 times or below, and presently expects this to be achieved at the end of 2025.

STRATEGY

Our strategy for growth together with clear capital allocation priorities positions the Group to deliver long-term shareholder value. Our strategy is to capitalise on the UK's long-term shortage of housing supply, along with a structural shortfall in the supply of the domestically manufactured building products necessary to address this housing shortage, leveraging our extensive mineral reserves and strong market positions.

This strategy encapsulates the following strategic imperatives, the achievement of which will deliver sustained shareholder value:

• Strengthen the core: Investing in new capacity to deliver growth in sales volumes along with enhanced efficiency;

• Beyond the core: Expanding our product range beyond our traditional focus of mainstream residential construction focusing on new and evolving solutions such as brick slips;

• Sustainability: Making our business more sustainable in everything we do; and

• Safety and engagement: Safety remains our number one priority and through prioritising employee engagement we will maximise the potential of our workforce.

During 2024 we made demonstrable progress toward our strategic objectives, particularly with progress on our strategic capital investment programme with commissioning of our new brick slip manufacturing facility commencing ahead of the year end, and with the Wilnecote brick factory redevelopment nearing completion with commissioning commencing in the first half of 2025.

CAPITAL ALLOCATION

Our capital allocation policies are clearly outlined and designed to maximise shareholder value:

• Strategic organic capital investment to deliver attractive returns;

• Attractive ordinary dividend with a mid-term pay-out ratio of 55% of earnings, temporarily reduced to 40% until leverage has reduced to a more sustainable level;

• Bolt-on acquisitions as suitable opportunities arise in adjacent or complementary markets; and

• Supplementary shareholder returns as appropriate.

We are coming to the end of our £140m investment in our three exciting expansion projects at Desford, Wilnecote and Accrington. The challenging market conditions we have faced during this period of investment did initially place our balance sheet under some pressure and we significantly increased inventory levels whilst taking steps to reduce output as efficiently as possible. We have successfully addressed these pressures in 2024 as we reduced our net debt whilst still spending over £20m on our strategic capital projects. We expect a further reduction of both net debt and leverage in 2025.

DIVIDEND

Our established dividend policy had been to distribute 55% of our adjusted earnings. In light of current trading conditions and the Group's presently elevated levels of leverage, the Board has considered the Group's dividend policy and has elected to temporarily reduce the level of dividend distribution. The Board is proposing to distribute 40% of adjusted earnings for 2024 and accordingly is recommending a final dividend of 2.0p per share (2023: 2.0p) which, in addition to the interim dividend of 1.0p per share paid in October (2023: 2.4p), will bring the total dividend to 3.0p per share (2023: 4.4p). Subject to approval by shareholders, the final dividend will be paid on 4 July 2025 to shareholders on the register as at 13 June 2025.

The Board remains confident in the long-term prospects of the Group and in its ability to benefit from the recent capacity investments as the market recovers. The Board expects borrowings to steadily reduce as our markets recover and our £140m programme of strategic capital investment draws to a conclusion. The Board intends to keep its dividend policy under review and will look to return the level of distribution to the previous 55% as soon as market conditions and the balance sheet permit.

SUSTAINABILITY

Our carbon reduction journey is a long-term one, underpinned by strategic investment in our manufacturing footprint, with continuing research and development into emerging technologies. This journey to decarbonisation and ultimately to net zero needs to be considered alongside short-term factors that influence our carbon emissions.

In addition to our long-term goal of achieving net zero by 2050, we have clear short to mid-term targets including a 32% reduction in our carbon emissions intensity (from a 2019 baseline) by the end of the decade. At present we are reporting a significant reduction in our absolute carbon emissions both against a 2019 baseline and in comparison with the prior year, as we have significantly reduced our output, however our carbon emission intensity suffers as a result of the operating inefficiency we are presently carrying. Each of our strategic products provides a measurable and meaningful sustainability gain, with the new Desford and Wilnecote brick factories both reducing carbon emissions by approximately 25% relative to their predecessor factories. Our innovative brick slip production facility at Accrington will manufacture brick slips with around a 75% reduction in both energy and raw material usage as well as embodied carbon relative to traditional bricks.

During 2024 we have made significant strides in utilising calcined clay derived from our London Brick production waste as a low carbon cement substitute. 2024 also saw the commencement of power generation from our dedicated solar farm which is designed to provide around 70% of our electricity demand at full production.

HEALTH, SAFETY AND WELLBEING

Safety has long been the Group's number one priority and this has not changed. Nothing comes before the safety and wellbeing of not only our colleagues, but everybody that we come across in the course of running our business.

2024 was the final year of our planned zero harm strategy that we set out in 2021. Aligned to our cultural drive to enhance engagement, in this final year, we focused on launching our programme of visible felt leadership (VFL) training, training our leaders to have effective safety conversations. In this three-year period we have seen our lost time incident frequency rate (LTIFR) reduce by 43%. Our ambition is to achieve zero harm and we will not rest whilst we still have accidents and injuries happening in our business.

We have now embarked on the next phase of our journey which focuses on behavioural safety titled 'From base to brilliant' incorporating the rollout of a full behavioural health and safety programme through the business. Starting at the 'base', where 'we do the right thing' then moving to taking responsibility through a dependent safety culture where colleagues actively look after their own health and safety, through to the 'brilliant' where colleagues will actively look after their own and others health, safety and wellbeing.

BOARD CHANGES

As previously announced, Justin Atkinson will stand down as Chair at the conclusion of the forthcoming AGM. Nigel Lingwood will be joining the Board as Chair Designate on 1 April 2025 and he shall be appointed as Chair on conclusion of the AGM in May. Nigel is an experienced listed company director and chair who spent the largest part of his executive career as Group Finance Director of FTSE 100 value-add distribution business Diploma Plc, and now is Chair of FTSE 250 ventilation products business, Volution Group Plc.

In addition, we also said goodbye to Divya Seshamani during the year as she stood down as a Non-Executive Director in September after more than eight years of service. We would like to take this opportunity to pass on our thanks to Divya for her significant contribution during her tenure and the Board wish her every success in the future.

As announced on 6 March 2025, Aysegul Sabanci will join the Board on 1 April 2025 as an Independent Non-Executive Director. Aysegul was previously Group Head of Procurement at ISG and a Non-Executive Director at T Clarke plc and brings a strong background in relevant industry procurement.

CORPORATE CULTURE

The Board is aware of its responsibility to foster a corporate culture based upon strong leadership and transparency, ensuring we do business responsibly, adhering to the highest ethical standards, whilst minimising the impact our business has on the environment. Our corporate values, being the principles of behaviour that will allow us to achieve our strategic goals, are defined below and having been rolled out to all employees in early 2024, our focus has been on building adherence to these values in everything we do:

• Innovate to lead: We're empowered to continuously improve;

• Pride in excellence: We relish achievement and success; and

• Collaborate and care: We work in partnership and look after each other.

Our purpose is to manufacture and supply building products used to construct homes and other structures, helping to create lasting legacies in the form of communities that will exist for centuries to come.

GOING CONCERN

The Group's debt facility comprises a committed revolving credit facility (RCF) of £170m extending to January 2027 with an option for an extension to June 2028 subject to lender consent. The option is available to be requested in the period from 17 March to 16 April 2025. At the balance sheet date, borrowings against the facility totalled £100m with £70m of headroom remaining. The cash balance stood at £15.2m with reported net debt before leases of £84.9m (2023: £93.2m) (net debt is presented inclusive of capitalised arrangement fees). The Group also benefits from an uncommitted overdraft facility of £10m which was undrawn at the year end.

The Group meets its working capital requirements through these cash reserves and facilities and closely manages working capital to ensure sufficient daily liquidity and prepares financial forecasts under various scenarios to ensure sufficient liquidity over the medium-term. Management maintains strong relationships with the Group's lenders and advisors and remains confident in the Group's ability to continue to access the financing it requires.

The facility is normally subject to covenant restrictions of leverage (net debt/EBITDA) (as measured before leases) of less than 3 times and interest cover of greater than 4 times. However, given the combination of the Group's reduced EBITDA and increases in net debt in 2023, driven by inventory build, capital outflows and higher interest rates, amended covenants were agreed with the Group's lenders in March 2024 to provide additional headroom during 2024 and to March 2025. Quarterly covenant testing was introduced for the period of these amended covenants. Accordingly, the Group's leverage covenant for March 2025 is set at 3.75 times, with interest cover at 3 times. The covenants return to normal levels from June 2025 with testing reverting to half yearly. The Group has comfortably traded with its original covenants throughout 2024 and anticipates remaining within these covenants throughout 2025.

Management has modelled two financial scenarios for the period to 30 June 2026, comprising a base case and a plausible downside scenario, reflecting both macroeconomic and industry-specific projections. In addition to this, a reverse stress test has also been modelled.

Assumptions underpinning these scenarios are outlined as follows:

• The base case scenario is aligned to our current demand expectations, with short-term market conditions improving in 2025, reflected in sales volume growth;

• Following the production reductions made in 2023, management continues to align production to anticipated sales, minimising inventory growth. This in turn increases free cash flows and facilitates a reduction net debt;

• Capital expenditure reduces from prior years, with the Group's spend on strategic projects largely complete. As above, this increases free cash flows and reduces net debt; and

• As in the prior year, the Group's plausible downside scenario takes into account the current levels of market demand which, for most of our products, remains approximately 30% below the levels last seen in 2022. 2022 is considered to be representative of a normalised market for the Group and as such is seen as a reasonable benchmark for scenario modelling. It is not considered plausible that demand could fall further than the assumptions detailed within the downside scenario laid out below.

Under both of the above scenarios, there is no breach in covenants throughout 2025 and in the period up to June 2026.

In addition to the scenarios, the Group has prepared a reverse stress test to determine the level of market decline that could potentially breach covenants, before further mitigating actions are taken. The reverse stress test indicated, that should volumes fall by a further 8% from the plausible downside, the Group would be at risk of breaching its covenants. This is viewed by the Board to be a highly unlikely scenario. The Board takes encouragement from the Government's ambition to materially increase housebuilding, although remains wary of the challenges in delivering this. A steady recovery in the market is anticipated during 2025 and the Board remains confident in the Group's ability to benefit significantly as markets recover and its strategic investments generate returns.

Further to this, in the event of sales volumes falling in line with those modelled in the reverse stress test, the Group would seek to enact further mitigating actions including additional cost savings, production reductions, curtailment in the quantum of dividend distributions and the sale of surplus land and buildings.

Taking the above into consideration, alongside trading performance for the first two months of 2025 which has continued the positive trends seen in the last quarter of 2024, with our brick volumes around 17% ahead of the prior year, the Directors have a reasonable expectation that the Group has adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the going concern period to 30 June 2026. The Group therefore adopts the going concern basis in preparing this consolidated financial information.

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements in this announcement are forward looking. Although the Group believes that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that these expectations will prove to have been correct. Because these statements contain risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

DIRECTORS' RESPONSIBILITY STATEMENT

We confirm that to the best of our knowledge:

1. the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Group, which have been prepared in accordance with UK-adopted international accounting standards in conformity with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006 give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and profit of the Group; and

1. the announcement includes a fair review of the development and performance of the business and the position of the Group, together with a description of the principal risks and uncertainties that it faces.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

FORTERRA PLC CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET

AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2024

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2024

1. General information

Forterra plc (Forterra or the Company) and its subsidiaries (together referred to as the Group) are domiciled in the United Kingdom. The address of the registered office of the Company and its subsidiaries is 5 Grange Park Court, Roman Way, Northampton, NN4 5EA. The Company is the parent of Forterra Holdings Limited and Forterra Building Products Limited, which together comprise the Group. The principal activity of the Group is the manufacture and sale of bricks, dense and lightweight blocks, precast concrete, concrete block paving and other complementary building products.

Forterra plc was incorporated on 21 January 2016 for the purpose of listing the Group on the London Stock Exchange. Forterra plc acquired the shares of Forterra Building Products Limited on 20 April 2016, which to that date held the Group's trade and assets, before admission to the main market of the London Stock Exchange.

2. Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial information for the year ended 31 December 2024 has been extracted from the audited consolidated financial statements, which were approved by the Board of Directors on 11 March 2025. The audited consolidated financial statements have not yet been delivered to the Registrar of Companies but are expected to be published in March 2025 and will be available on our website https://www.forterra.co.uk/. The auditors have reported on those accounts; their report was unqualified and did not contain statements under s498(2) or (3) of the Companies Act 2006.

This consolidated financial information has been prepared in accordance with UK-adopted international accounting standards. Whilst the financial information included in this preliminary announcement has been prepared in accordance with IFRS, this announcement does not itself contain sufficient information to comply with IFRS. This preliminary announcement constitutes a dissemination announcement in accordance with Section 6.3 of the Disclosures and Transparency Rules (DTR).

The financial information set out in this announcement does not constitute the statutory accounts for the Group within the meaning of Sections 434 to 436 of the Companies Act 2006 and is an abridged version of the consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2024. Copies of the Annual Report for the year ended 31 December 2024 will be mailed to those shareholders who have opted to receive them by the end of April 2025 and will be available from the Company's registered office at Forterra plc, 5 Grange Park Court, Northampton and the Company's website (http://forterraplc.co.uk/) after that date.

The consolidated financial information are presented in pounds sterling and all values are rounded to the nearest hundred thousand unless otherwise indicated.

Going concern

The Group's debt facility comprises a committed revolving credit facility (RCF) of £170m extending to January 2027 with an option for an extension to June 2028 subject to lender consent. The option is available to be requested in the period from 17 March to 16 April 2025. At the balance sheet date, borrowings against the facility totalled £100m with £70m of headroom remaining. The cash balance stood at £15.2m with reported net debt before leases of £84.9m (2023: £93.2m) (net debt is presented inclusive of capitalised arrangement fees). The Group also benefits from an uncommitted overdraft facility of £10m which was undrawn at the year end.

The Group meets its working capital requirements through these cash reserves and facilities and closely manages working capital to ensure sufficient daily liquidity and prepares financial forecasts under various scenarios to ensure sufficient liquidity over the medium-term. Management maintains strong relationships with the Group's lenders and advisors and remains confident in the Group's ability to continue to access the financing it requires.

The facility is normally subject to covenant restrictions of leverage (net debt/EBITDA) (as measured before leases) of less than 3 times and interest cover of greater than 4 times. However, given the combination of the Group's reduced EBITDA and increases in net debt in 2023, driven by inventory build, capital outflows and higher interest rates, amended covenants were agreed with the Group's lenders in March 2024 to provide additional headroom during 2024 and to March 2025. Quarterly covenant testing was introduced for the period of these amended covenants. Accordingly, the Group's leverage covenant for March 2025 is set at 3.75 times, with interest cover at 3 times. The covenants return to normal levels from June 2025 with testing reverting to half yearly. The Group has comfortably traded with its original covenants throughout 2024 and anticipates remaining within these covenants throughout 2025.

Management has modelled two financial scenarios for the period to 30 June 2026, comprising a base case and a plausible downside scenario, reflecting both macroeconomic and industry-specific projections. In addition to this, a reverse stress test has also been modelled.

Assumptions underpinning these scenarios are outlined as follows:

• The base case scenario is aligned to our current demand expectations, with short-term market conditions improving in 2025, reflected in sales volume growth;

• Following the production reductions made in 2023, management continues to align production to anticipated sales, minimising inventory growth. This in turn increases free cash flows and facilitates a reduction net debt;

• Capital expenditure reduces from prior years, with the Group's spend on strategic projects largely complete. As above, this increases free cash flows and reduces net debt; and

• As in the prior year, the Group's plausible downside scenario takes into account the current levels of market demand which, for most of our products, remains approximately 30% below the levels last seen in 2022. 2022 is considered to be representative of a normalised market for the Group and as such is seen as a reasonable benchmark for scenario modelling. It is not considered plausible that demand could fall further than the assumptions detailed within the downside scenario laid out below.

Under both of the above scenarios, there is no breach in covenants throughout 2025 and in the period up to June 2026.

In addition to the scenarios, the Group has prepared a reverse stress test to determine the level of market decline that could potentially breach covenants, before further mitigating actions are taken. The reverse stress test indicated, that should volumes fall by a further 8% from the plausible downside, the Group would be at risk of breaching its covenants. This is viewed by the Board to be a highly unlikely scenario. The Board takes encouragement from the Government's ambition to materially increase housebuilding, although remains wary of the challenges in delivering this. A steady recovery in the market is anticipated during 2025 and the Board remains confident in the Group's ability to benefit significantly as markets recover and its strategic investments generate returns.

Further to this, in the event of sales volumes falling in line with those modelled in the reverse stress test, the Group would seek to enact further mitigating actions including additional cost savings, production reductions, curtailment in the quantum of dividend distributions and the sale of surplus land and buildings.

Taking the above into consideration, alongside trading performance for the first two months of 2025 which has continued the positive trends seen in the last quarter of 2024, with our brick volumes around 17% ahead of the prior year, the Directors have a reasonable expectation that the Group has adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the going concern period to 30 June 2026. The Group therefore adopts the going concern basis in preparing this consolidated financial information.

3. Segmental reporting

Management has determined the operating segments based on the management reports reviewed by the Executive Committee that are used to assess both performance and strategic decisions. Management has identified that the Executive Committee is the chief operating decision maker in accordance with the requirements of IFRS 8 'Operating segments'.

The Executive Committee considers the business to be split into three operating segments: Bricks, Blocks and Bespoke Products.

The principal activity of the operating segments are:

• Bricks: Manufacture and sale of bricks to the construction sector;

• Blocks: Manufacture and sale of concrete blocks and permeable block paving to the construction sector; and

• Bespoke Products: Manufacture and sale of bespoke products to the construction sector.

The Executive Committee considers that for reporting purposes, the operating segments above can be aggregated into two reporting segments: Bricks and Blocks and Bespoke Products. The aggregation of Bricks and Blocks is due to these operating segments having similar long-term average margins, production processes, suppliers, customers and distribution methods.

The Bespoke Products range includes precast concrete (marketed under the 'Bison Precast' brand), chimney and roofing solutions, each of which are typically made-to-measure or customised to meet the customer's specific needs. The precast concrete products are complemented by the Group's full design and nationwide installation services.

Costs which are incurred on behalf of both segments are held at the centre and these, together with general administrative expenses, are allocated to the segments for reporting purposes using a split of 80% Bricks and Blocks and 20% Bespoke Products. Management considers that this is an appropriate basis for the allocation.

The revenue recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Total Comprehensive Income is all attributable to the principal activity of the manufacture and sale of bricks, both dense and lightweight blocks, precast concrete, concrete paving and other complementary building products.

Substantially all revenue recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Total Comprehensive Income arose within the UK

Segment revenue and results

Segment assets

Property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, right-of-use assets and inventories are allocated to segments and considered when appraising segment performance. Trade and other receivables, income tax assets, cash and cash equivalents and derivative assets are centrally controlled and unallocated.

Other segment information

Customers representing 10% or greater of revenues

4. Exceptional items

2024 exceptional items

During the year, the Group incurred exceptional expenses of £2.9m, of which £0.2m relates to restructuring costs and £2.7m relates to professional fees associated with an aborted corporate transaction.

2023 exceptional items

Exceptional items in 2023 relate to costs associated with the restructuring of our operations. Restructuring activities were undertaken to reduce output in response to the decline in demand for our products. Cash restructuring costs totalled £9.0m, of which £8.8m related to redundancies and terminations made across the Group. In addition to this, non-cash impairment losses of £5.0m were recognised in respect of the carrying value of plant and equipment at the Howley Park and Claughton brick factories which were mothballed in the year.

Presentation of exceptional items

Tax on exceptional items

The restructuring costs incurred in the year, including redundancies and legal costs, were tax deductible.

5. Finance expense

Interest payable on loans and borrowings is presented net of borrowings costs which have been capitalised against qualifying assets. In the year to 31 December 2024 interest of £2.1m (2023: £nil) was capitalised against qualifying assets, with an average capitalisation rate of 6.6%.

Tax relief has been claimed on capitalised interest at the UK main rate of 25%. 

6. Taxation

The effective tax rate (ETR) used for statutory measures is 29.5% (2023: 25.0%) and the adjusted ETR is 27.1% (2023: 24.5%). Deferred tax is calculated at the rate at which the provision is expected to reverse. The UK main rate of corporation tax increased to 25% on 1 April 2023. There has been no change in the Finance Bill 2023.

7. Dividends

The Directors are proposing a final dividend for 2024 of 2.0p per share, making a total payment for the year of 3.0p (2023: 4.4p). This is subject to approval by the shareholders at the AGM and has not been included as a liability in this consolidated financial information.

8. Earnings per share

The calculation of earnings per Ordinary Share is based on profit or loss after tax and the weighted average number of Ordinary shares in issue during the year. Adjusted earnings per share is presented as an alternative performance measure to provide an additional year-on-year comparison. A reconciliation between adjusted and statutory results is presented within note 14.

For diluted earnings per share, the weighted average number of Ordinary shares in issue is adjusted to assume conversion of all dilutive potential Ordinary shares. The Group has four types of dilutive potential Ordinary shares: those share options granted to employees under the Sharesave scheme; unvested shares granted under the Deferred Annual Bonus Plan; unvested shares granted under the Share Incentive Plan; and unvested shares within the Performance Share Plan that have met the relevant performance conditions at the end of the reporting period. If, for any of the above schemes, the average share price for the year is lower than the option price, these shares become anti-dilutive and are excluded from the calculation.

Adjusted earnings per share is presented as an APM and is calculated by excluding both exceptional and adjusting items as detailed within note 14 to this consolidated financial information. The associated adjusted tax charge is calculated using the rate excluding these exceptional and adjusting items, being 27.1% (2023: 24.5%).

9. Loans and borrowings

The Group's credit facility comprises a committed revolving credit facility (RCF) of £170m extending to January 2027 with an option for an extension to June 2028 subject to lender consent. The Group also benefits from an uncommitted overdraft facility of £10.0m.

Interest is calculated using SONIA plus a margin, with the margin grid ranging from 1.65% at a leverage of less than 0.5 times, to 3.5% where leverage is between 3.5 times and 4 times (in line with the covenant relaxations outlined below).

The facility is normally subject to covenant restrictions of net debt/EBITDA (as measured before the impact of IFRS 16) of less than 3 times and interest cover of greater than 4 times.

The business has traded comfortably within these covenants throughout 2024, although in order to ensure a sufficient degree of headroom during 2024, amended covenants were agreed with the Group's lenders. Accordingly, the Group's leverage covenant was increased to 3.75 times in December 2024, with interest cover decreasing to 3 times. In addition, quarterly covenant testing was introduced for the period of the covenant relaxation. As such, in March 2025 leverage is set at 3.75 times and interest cover at 3 times. The covenants return to normal levels from June 2025 with testing reverting to half yearly.

In line with the above, the existing restriction prohibiting the declaration or payment of dividends should leverage exceed 3 times EBITDA was amended to 4 times EBITDA in 2024. This will return to 3 times in 2025.

The facility is linked to our sustainability targets with the opportunity to adjust the margin by 5 bps subject to achieving annual sustainability targets covering decarbonisation, plastic reduction and increasing the number of employees in earn and learn positions. These targets were not achieved in 2023 or 2024. Further information is included in our Sustainability Report within the Annual Report and Accounts for the Group, due to be published in March 2025.

The facility remains secured by fixed charges over the shares of Forterra Building Products Limited and Forterra Holdings Limited.

10. Notes to the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

11. Net debt

Reconciliation of net debt

12. Financial instruments

Forward purchased energy contracts

The substantial energy requirements of the Group are closely managed to ensure that the impact of fluctuating energy costs can be removed as far as possible; allowing management to have some certainty over likely energy costs and providing a reasonable basis on which to budget. Contracts with energy suppliers are entered into allowing prices to be fixed, by month, for volumes the Group expects to use. Under normal circumstances, the Group takes delivery of and consumes all of the gas and electricity under each contract, and in doing so satisfies the requirements under IFRS 9 to follow the own use exemption in accounting for these. As such, the costs associated with the purchase of gas and electricity are accounted for in the Statement of Total Comprehensive Income at the point of consumption, and contracts are not held at fair value.

The decline in market conditions during 2023, and subsequent reductions made to production across the Group, resulted in open forward contracts for some periods where the committed volume of gas will exceed budgeted total consumption. In these instances, the quantities which have been 'over purchased' will be sold back to the market, crystallising a realised gain or loss. As was the case at 31 December 2023, any open contracts where management expects to sell surplus gas back to the market fail the own use exemption, and in accordance with IFRS 9, are accounted for as derivatives. As at 31 December 2024 the Group has recognised a current asset of £5.1m (2023: £1.6m) and a non-current asset of £2.8m (2023: £5.0m) in relation to these contracts. The values are calculated with reference to all forward purchased contracts within which a sale back to the market is expected to occur, and reflect not only the portion of such contracts expected to be sold, but also the fair value of the remaining quantity which is expected to be consumed by the Group during the normal course of business.

For the purposes of internal reporting to management and the Board, the Group continues to measure these contracts as if the own use exemption could still be applied, recognising energy costs at the contracted rate in the period of consumption. In order to allow users of the accounts to review this operationally aligned reporting, the movement due to the fair value treatment of energy derivatives since 31 December 2023, being £7.1m, has been presented as an adjusting item in this consolidated financial information.

The Group has not historically, and has no future plans to intentionally purchase gas or electricity to sell and these current circumstances are solely the result of market conditions.

13. Related party transactions

Transactions with key management personnel

Key management personnel are those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of the Group. The Directors of the Company and the Directors of the Group's subsidiary companies fall within this category.

Information relating to Directors' emoluments, pension entitlements, share options and long-term incentive plans appear in the Annual Report on Remuneration within the Annual Report and Accounts, which is expected to be published in March 2025.

14. Alternative performance measure

Group: Revenue, EBITDA, EBITDA margin, operating profit, profit before tax

Segmental: Revenue, EBITDA, EBITDA margin

Bricks and Blocks

Bespoke Products