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Significant Maiden SOP Resource at Lake Wells

11th Nov 2015 07:00

RNS Number : 2573F
Wildhorse Energy Limited
11 November 2015
 



11 November 2015

 

AIM/ASX Code: WHE

 

 

WILDHORSE ENERGY LIMITED

Significant Maiden SOP Resource of 29Mt at Lake Wells

 

 

The Directors of Wildhorse Energy Limited ('Wildhorse' or 'Company') are pleased to report the Company's maiden JORC Mineral Resource estimate from the Lake Wells Project, totalling 29 million tonnes (Mt) of Sulphate of Potash ('SOP'). The resource is calculated only on the upper 16 metres of the lake, with over 79% in the 'Measured' category.

 

This initial shallow resource confirms Lake Wells' potential to host a large, high grade salt lake brine project to produce highly sought after SOP for domestic and international fertiliser markets.

 

Highlights:

 

Ø The total Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE) at Lake Wells of 29 million tonnes (Mt) of SOP, with 90% classified as Measured and Indicated.

 

Ø The Measured SOP resource estimate, totalling 23 Mt of SOP, reports an average potassium concentration of 4,009 mg/L:

 

Classification

Bulk Volume

(Million m3)

Porosity

Brine Volume

(Million m3)

Average Potassium Concentration (kg/m3)

Potassium Tonnage (Mt)

K2SO4 Tonnage

(Mt)

Measured

5,427

0.464

2,518

4,009

10.1

23

 

Ø The Mineral Resource Estimate confirms that Lake Wells is one of the largest undeveloped salt lake brine projects in the World.

 

Ø A Scoping Study on the Lakes Wells Project will commence shortly.

 

Ø The Mineral Resource estimate is based on an average depth of only 16 metres below surface.

 

Ø Mineralisation was open at depth across most of the Lake. An aircore drilling program is currently underway to test the extent and geology of the brine pool at depth.

 

 

Wildhorse's Executive Director, Jason Baverstock, said "The successful completion of our shallow drilling program and estimation of such a high quality JORC resource is a major step forward in demonstrating the potential of Lake Wells to support a substantial SOP brine project. The potential for an even larger resource at depth, as well as the Project's inherent location and infrastructure advantages, indicate a really exciting future for the Project and Company"

 

The mineral resource is described in more detail below and the announcement being released on ASX will be available on the Company's website, www.wildhorse.com.au.

 

For further information please visit www.wildhorse.com.au or contact:

Jason Baverstock/Sam Cordin

Wildhorse Energy Limited

Tel: +61 8 9322 6322

Colin Aaronson/Richard

Tonthat/Daniel Bush

Grant Thornton UK LLP

Tel: +44 (0)207 383 5100

 

 

Mineral Resource Estimate

 

Following the completion of the 2015 Shallow Core Drill Program, the Company engaged an independent hydrogeological consultant with substantial salt lake brine expertise, Groundwater Science Pty Ltd, to complete the maiden Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE) for the Lake Wells project as set out in Table 1 below.

 

Classification

Bulk Volume

(Million m3)

Porosity

Brine Volume

(Million m3)

Average Potassium Concentration (kg/m3)

Potassium Tonnage (Mt)

K2SO4 Tonnage

(Mt)

Measured

5,427

0.464

2,518

4,009

10.1

23

Indicated

775

0.464

359

3,806

1.4

3

Inferred

1,204

0.464

558

2,394

1.3

3

Total

7,406

0.464

3,436

12.8

29

Table 1: Lake Wells Project - Mineral Resource Estimate (JORC 2012)

Measured Resource Estimate

The Measured resource estimate of 23 Mt is confined to the area of the lake playa within the granted exploration licenses and constrained to within 3,800m of drillhole data points.

Indicated Resource Estimate

The Indicated resource estimate of 3 Mt, is confined to the area of the lake playa for which a drill spacing exceeding 3,800m but within 5,000m has been satisfied.

Inferred Resource Estimate

The Inferred resource estimate of 3 Mt, is confined to the area of islands within the lake playa. Analysis of the available drilling data from three islands indicates that the shallow brine beneath islands is diluted and the depth of dilution extends approximately 14 to 18 metres (m) below the water table surface, resulting in a significantly lower average potassium concentration.

Total Resource Estimate

The total resource estimate of 29 Mt is hosted within approximately 7.4 billion cubic meters of lake playa sediments with an average thickness of 15.5 metres beneath 477 km2 of lake playa surface.

The estimated tonnage represents the in-situ brine with no recovery factor applied. It will not be possible to extract all of the contained brine by pumping of bores or trenches; the amount which can be extracted depends on many factors including the permeability of the sediments, the drainable porosity, and the recharge dynamics of the aquifers.

 

Lake Wells Project

 

The Lake Wells project is located in the Northern Goldfields of Western Australia approximately 200 km north of Laverton. The area is well sourced by sound infrastructure, including the Great Central Road, the Goldfields Highway, the Goldfields gas pipeline and the railway sidings at Malcolm and Leonora.

 

The Lake Wells Project comprises 1,126 km2 of granted Exploration Licences covering the Lake Wells Playa, and substantial area immediately contiguous to Lake Wells.

Geology

The Lake Wells project is in the North Eastern Goldfields Province at the margin of the Archaean Yilgarn Craton. The province is characterised by granite-greenstone rocks that exhibit a prominent northwest tectonic trend and low to medium-grade metamorphism. The Archaean rocks are intruded by east-west dolerite dykes of Proterozoic age, and in the eastern area there are small, flat-lying outliers of Proterozoic and Permian sedimentary rocks. The basement rocks are generally poorly exposed owing to low relief, extensive superficial cover, and widespread deep weathering.

Early Tertiary sediments are preserved in palaeochannels within an infilled palaeodrainage system, and are concealed by a sequence of Cainozoic deposits. These Cainozoic sediments underlie the Lake Wells project and comprise the host aquifer for the brine resource.

The shallow geological profile beneath the lake is relatively homogenous. The top approximately 5m comprises slightly coarser grained material due to the variable abundance of evaporite minerals including gypsum sands. Beneath this layer the profile is dominantly clay with some interbedded silt and sand.

In the northern arm of the lake, two holes, LWG007 and LWG024, appear to have encountered shallow basement, interpreted as Proterozoic meta-sediments, at 6.8 m and 6.75 m below lake surface, respectively. Drilling terminated on this material.

Islands are present on the lake surface, dominantly in the southern arm. Holes LWG021, LWG031 and LWG035 were drilled on islands within the lake playa to test geological continuity beneath the islands, and to assess the impact of islands on brine chemistry. The data demonstrates that the islands are a surficial feature, sitting on top of the lake sediments, and the shallow stratigraphic sequence is continuous beneath the islands. Brine beneath the islands exhibits lower concentration at surface, increasing with depth. The data available from three islands indicate that brine concentration increases linearly with depth from approximately 1000 mg/L potassium at surface to a maximum concentration at 14-18 m depth. At depth under the islands, the brine concentration is comparable to the surrounding lake indicating that the dilution effect of islands is limited to the upper brine.

This observation has been made in other salt lakes in the Yilgarn Block and elsewhere in Australia.

Area

The lateral extent of the resource is defined by the salt lake boundary as defined in Geoscience Australia's 1:250K topographic dataset. The resource is further constrained by the tenement boundaries which do not encompass the entire lake surface. The total area of the resource is 477 km2.

Hydrology

The lake exhibits a catchment of 19,000 km2, making it the tenth largest salt lake basin in Australia. The total lake area is approximately 440 km2 yielding a catchment to lake area ratio of 40.

The lake is interpreted to be a terminal groundwater sink on the basis of the large lake surface area and the shallow water table observed at all sites beneath the lake which will facilitate evaporative loss. Groundwater beneath the lake is hypersaline and comprises the brine potash resource.

Drilling Techniques

Drilling comprised drilling 198mm holes using hollow augers and collecting predominately intact core into sealed lexan tubing to preserve moisture content and structure. In total 32 holes were drilled including 2 twinned holes. Of these 4 were cased as 50mm ID water monitoring wells. The average depth of drilling was 16 m. Bulk brine samples were pumped from the drillholes, and core samples were dispatched for laboratory determination of porosity and brine concentration.

The drill program utilised a lightweight auger rig capable of drilling core to the targeted depth. The drill rig was towed by a tracked LandTamer amphibious vehicle with Argo vehicles providing support. The drilling method recovered intact sediment core in 750mm lengths of clear tubing.   

Thickness

The top of the resource is defined by the top of the water table. The water table depth beneath the lake surface ranged from 0.2 to 1.2m averaging 0.47 m. Beneath the islands, which are elevated above the lake surface, the depth to water table ranged from 1 to 2.3m.

The depth of the resource is defined by the current depth of drilling. All drill holes terminated in saturated material and the resource is open at depth.

The base of drilling below the water table (and hence base of the resource) was interpolated between drill holes by inverse distance interpolation to the fourth power and a search distance of 6,000m.

Sampling Techniques

All drilling and sampling used for the resource estimate was completed using hollow auger coring. This method allows a number of samples to be taken - split tube, intact tube (both 0.75 m long) and bulk water (brine) samples.

The intact core is recovered using clear Lexan tubes which are sealed shortly after drilling.

Bulk water (brine) samples were taken by pumping from inside the hollow augers using a sample down-hole sampling pump. Holes were purged for approximately three hole-volumes before samples were taken. Brine samples were taken:

• At the base of the coarser shallow sediments

• At the end of the drillhole

Entrained brine in samples were recovered by centrifuging selected intervals of intact drill core in the laboratory. Entrained brine samples were extracted from 0.1m lengths at an average interval of 6.3 m downhole. Intervals were selected in the field and subsequently cut from the core in the laboratory and processed immediately.

Porosity samples are marked up at 0.1 m intervals in the field at pre-determined depths (average interval 3.2 m down hole). Porosity samples were cut from the core in the laboratory and processed immediately.

Core handling was designed to minimise loss by evaporation. Core was contained in plastic tubing during drilling, and sealed immediately upon recovery. The sections of core that were processed were un-sealed only in the laboratory and immediately prior to processing.

Drill sample recovery

Core recovery was 79% due to the difficulty of recovering soft, unconsolidated sediment. Brine concentration and porosity is relatively consistent downhole. No relationship is inferred between core loss and brine concentration and hence no sample bias is considered to have occurred.

Logging

All drill holes were geologically logged by a qualified geologist, noting in particular moisture content of sediments, lithology, colour, structural observations for each 0.75m length of intact core. Logging was complicated by the core being encased in plastic tubing; texture could only be logged at the end of each tube, where the sample could be inspected. A systematic logging process was developed specifically for this project.

Sub-sampling techniques and sample preparation

Entrained Brine

A 100mm length of core is cut, the sample is removed from the tube and the contents are centrifuged to try and extract solution. When/if any solution is recovered, the pH and SG's are determined and the solutions are diluted to a known volume (to give the assay lab enough sample for assaying) and then submitted for assay.

Porosity Determination

A 100 mm length of core is cut, the sample is removed from the tube and the contents are placed in a tray and weighed. The sample is then dried at 80 degrees celsius until a constant mass is achieved and then the sample is reweighed. The initial to final difference (mass lost) is the moisture content of the sample.

Conversion to a volume / volume porosity was calculated using brine salinity and brine density data for each drillhole, and using the average particle density measured for a subset of 38 samples.

Total porosity (Pt) relates to the volume of brine filled pores contained within a unit volume of aquifer material. A fraction of this pore volume can by drained under gravity, this is described as the specific yield (or drainable porosity). The remaining fraction of the brine, which is held by surface tension and cannot be drained under gravity, is described as the specific retention (or un-drainable porosity). The form of porosity used in brine resource estimation varies with different proponents of the method. The Company elected to use total porosity to assess the Lake Wells resource.

The mean and median total porosity of 146 samples was 46.4% v/v. The data is normally distributed with a standard deviation of 6.9 and no consistent spatial trends are observed laterally or with depth. A value of 46.4% was applied in calculation of the brine volume of the resource. The value is consistent with typical values for mixed fine-grained sediment (Fetter, 1996 pp86) and lacustrine clay, silt and fine alluvial sand, (Spitz and Moreno 1996, pp346).

Quality of assay data and laboratory tests

Quality assurance checks are described below. Following QA/QC and removal of deficient data as described below the data set is considered suitable for estimation of a potash resource for the project.

Inter-lab Duplicate analysis

The Primary Laboratory was Bureau Veritas Minerals Laboratory in Perth. Duplicate samples were sent to two secondary laboratories; Intertek, Perth and ALS Metallurgy, Perth. Differences in analysis are summarised in Table 2.

Parameter

Maximum percentage error1

Average percentage error

K

2.2

0.9

SO4

1.1

1.4

Mg

1.9

0.5

Ca

8

2.1

Na

4.5

2.1

Cl

2.4

1.6

Notes 1) Calculated as the relative difference from the mean of the analyses.

Table 2: Inter-laboratory duplicate analysis

 

Standard Solutions

Two standard solutions were procured and analysed by the primary laboratory and one of the secondary laboratories. Errors in analysis are summarised in Table 3.

Parameter

Primary Lab (BV)

Secondary LAB (Intertek)

Reference Range

Low concentration

High concentration

Low concentration

High concentration

K

-1.7%

-2.1%

0.7%

-0.5%

SO4

5.7%

8.3%

5.1%

5.9%

Mg

1.2%

1.2%

1.7%

1.4%

Ca

0.2%

4.1%

-2.3%

2.5%

Na

0.5%

2.9%

-1.0%

2.1%

Cl

1.9%

2.6%

-2.6%

-1.4%

Notes 1) Calculated as the relative difference from the reference concentration.

Table 3: Reference Standard Solutions analysis percentage error

Charge Balance

Analysis of charge balance was undertaken. Charge balance checks the sum of all positively charged ions against the sum of all negatively charged ions. These should be equal. Charge balance is calculated as the difference between positive and negative ions divided by the sum of all ions.

For analysis of groundwater systems, the acceptable limit for charge balance error is 5% (Drever 19881, APHA, 1999)2. Two samples failed this check and were removed from the dataset.

Ionic Ratios

Ionic ratios are the ratios of dissolved ions against total dissolved ions, and/or chloride (Chloride is used as the most soluble conservative ion). The analysis is qualitative and looks for anomalous trends in the data. For instance samples where only one parameter is elevated compared to all other parameters. Anomalous results are summarised in Table 4.

Sample

Comment

Action

E300024

Anomalous K

Removed from dataset

E300056

Anomalous Chloride, also fails charge balance

Removed from dataset

Table 4: Anomalous results identified through ionic ratio analysis

A sub-population of data exhibits low concentrations of all ions. These are identified as samples from drillholes located on islands. The data are considered valid and reflect dilution of salt lake brines by meteoric water beneath islands.

[1] Drever (1988) Geochemistry of Natural Waters. Prentice Hall New Jersey

2 APHA (1999) Standard Methods for the Examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington DC

Porosity

Porosity determination is comprised of two mass measurements (one wet and one dry). The laboratory applied standard calibration procedures to scales used by mass measurement.

The dataset was inspected for outliers. Three samples exhibit anomalous high porosity these were removed from the dataset. The remaining data exhibit normal distribution and are consistent with depth.

Verification of sampling and assay

The brine is relatively homogenous and no significant intersections required verification. The database was checked for transcription errors by comparison to the primary laboratory reports. Assay data were not adjusted.

Data point location, spacing and distribution

Drill hole Coordinates are presented as Appendix 1.

Data points are distributed on an approximate 5 km by 5 km grid with some irregularity due to access constraints on the lake surface, and the irregular lake shape.

The drilling data comprises 30 holes (excluding twinned holes) for 477 km2 area equating to an average drill hole spacing of 4.0 km. Down-hole sample spacing averaged 3.2 m and 6.3 m for porosity and entrained brine samples respectively.

Orientation of data in relation to geological structure

All drill holes are vertical as geological structure is generally flat lying.

Drilling transects are oriented perpendicular to the Lake orientation in order to provide cross sections across the lake.

Solute Concentration

The solute (K, Mg, SO4) concentration dataset comprised a mixture of samples downhole with overlapping and varying sample intervals:

• Entrained brine samples from consistent 10cm intervals taken from varying depths

• Pumped brine samples from varying intervals and varying depths.

With the exception of brine beneath islands, the brine concentration is relatively consistent with depth. The maximum down hole variance from the mean was 15%, whilst the average variance was 0.4%. Average solute concentration for the full thickness of the brine aquifer penetrated at each drill hole was calculated as a length-weighted average using all samples. Entrained brine samples were assigned the length from the mid-point between adjacent samples (or the water table, or the end of hole). Pumped brine samples were assigned the length of open hole during the sampling event. The resulting dataset was used for interpolation of brine concentration across the lake.

Modelling / Interpolation

Solute concentration was interpolated across the lake area using inverse distance weighting algorithm with power of 2, search radius of 3800m, single search sector, three grid passes, and a requirement for minimum of 1 sample point per sector.

Dilution beneath islands was modelled by applying a linear dilution from the value of the interpolated grid, to a minimum value at surface of 1000 mg/L K. The estimate of the resource beneath islands was assigned a lower level of confidence (Inferred). Resource grade (brine concentration) continuity in this setting is implied rather than confirmed.

The interpolated grid had a cell size of 500 x 500m. The contained solute in each cell was calculated as the product of the area, thickness (from the geological model), porosity, and interpolated solute concentration for that 500 x 500m cell.

Results

The estimated mineral tonnage is presented in Table 1. The total contained tonnage of SOP is 29 Mt. Of this 23 Mt is assigned a measured resource classification and 3 Mt is assigned an indicated classification.

Potassium (K)

Magnesium (Mg)

SO4

Area

(km2)

Sediment Volume

(M m3)

Porosity

Brine Volume

(M m3)

Concet-ration

(kg/m3)

Tonnage

(Mt)

Concent-ration

(kg/m3)

Tonnage

(Mt)

Concent-ration

(kg/m3)

Tonnage

(Mt)

Measured

 341.25

 5,427

0.464

 2,518

 4.009

 10.1

 6.886

 17,3

 19.175

 48.3

Indicated

 58.50

 775

0.464

 359

 3.806

 1.4

 6.968

 2,5

 17.809

 6.4

Inferred

 76.8

 1,203.7

0.464

 558.5

 2.394

 1.3

4.783

2.7

11.350

6.3

Total Measured + Indicated

 477

 7,406

 3,436

12.8

22.5

61.0

Table 5: Mineral Tonnage Calculation

Classification

Sulphate of Potash

(Mt)

Measured

23

Indicated

3

Inferred

3

Total

29

Table 6: SOP Resource Estimate

Mining factors or assumptions

Mining of the resource is assumed to be undertaken by gravity drainage of the brine by pumping from trenches or wells.

Metallurgical factors or assumptions

No metallurgical factors or assumptions have been applied.

The brine is characterised by elevated concentration of potassium, magnesium and sulphate elements and distinctly deficient in calcium ion. Such a chemical makeup is considered highly favourable for efficient recovery of SOPM from the lake brines (the main feedstock for SOP fertiliser production), using conventional evaporation methods (Arakel, pers. comm., 2015).

Further Work

Resource definition at depth

The current resource estimate is defined by the depth of drilling which was constrained by drill rig capacity. The resource is considered open at depth and additional deeper drilling to define the extent and geology of the underlying resource is currently underway.

Hydrogeological assessment

The primary constraint on production of mineral brines is the proportion of the resource that can be recovered, and the rate at which it can be mined. Brine will drain to wells and trenches at a rate that is controlled by the permeability of the host material. Drainage rates can be optimised but not increased above a natural limit. Further work will focus on determining the hydrogeological parameters of the orebody:

• Drainable porosity

• Permeability

• Recharge dynamics (Rainfall infiltration and groundwater inflow)

• Surface water interaction (Lake inundation)

 

Competent Persons Statement

The information in this report that relates to Mineral Resources and Exploration Results for Lake Well's is based on information compiled by Mr Ben Jeuken, who is a member Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and a member of the International Association of Hydrogeologists. Mr Jeuken is employed by Groundwater Science Pty Ltd, an independent consulting company. Mr Jeuken has sufficient experience, which is relevant to the style of mineralisation and type of deposit under consideration and to the activity, which he is undertaking to qualify as a Competent Person as defined in the 2012 Edition of the 'Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves'. Mr Jeuken consents to the inclusion in the report of the matters based on his information in the form and context in which it appears.

 

 

APPENDIX 1 - Lake Wells Project Auger Drill Hole Collar and Survey Details

 

HOLE ID

EOH

SWL

EAST

NORTH

RL

Dip

Azimuth

LWG001

8.75

0.3

503281

7050948

447

-90

0

LWG003

1.5

-

504840

7046721

445

-90

0

LWG004

7.25

0.3

506205

7050557

446

-90

0

LWG007

6.75

0.7

511841

7049619

441

-90

0

LWG008

16.75

0.5

516722

7048077

446

-90

0

LWG009

17.25

0.6

517757

7049815

429

-90

0

LWG010

19.8

0.3

518727

7051540

441

-90

0

LWG012

22.95

0.6

520923

7045358

442

-90

0

LWG014

20.25

0.6

522074

7047346

432

-90

0

LWG015

18.25

0.7

523195

7049252

435

-90

0

LWG017

20.25

0.3

525119

7043218

441

-90

0

LWG018

19.5

0.2

526519

7045037

441

-90

0

LWG019

20.5

0.6

529088

7039485

443

-90

0

LWG020

20.25

0.6

530095

7041226

443

-90

0

LWG021 (located on island)

15.75

1.7

531719

7035328

442

-90

0

LWG022

20.65

0.5

534310

7038541

440

-90

0

LWG023

20.85

0.4

534149

7031928

444

-90

0

LWG024

6.75

0.5

535893

7026879

444

-90

0

LWG025

18.75

0.3

528436

7017175

438

-90

0

LWG026

18.3

0.4

532008

7019067

441

-90

0

LWG027

16.4

0.5

535921

7022247

442

-90

0

LWG028

18.45

1.2

532393

7013339

442

-90

0

LWG029

18.25

0.4

536085

7016679

442

-90

0

LWG030

19.9

0.5

539200

7020066

445

-90

0

LWG031 (located on island)

20.4

2.3

536007

7010114

444

-90

0

LWG032

16.5

0.4

537781

7005827

442

-90

0

LWG033

12.2

0.3

539880

7001764

442

-90

0

LWG034

7.1

0.4

536684

6998577

439

-90

0

LWG035 (located on island)

14.6

-

542903

6997671

442

-90

0

LWG050 (Twin LWG019)

21

0.6

529088

7039483

443

-90

0

LWG051 (Twin LWG017)

17.75

0.3

525112

7043218

440

-90

0

LWG052 (Twin LWO034)

7.1

0.3

536686

6998576

439

-90

0

Abbreviations:

EOH: End of Hole

SWL: Standing Water Level (below playa surface)

ASL: Above Sea Level

 

APPENDIX 2 - Bulk Water Samples Chemical Analysis Results

 

HOLE ID

From

(m)

To

(m)

K

(mg/L)

Cl

(mg/L)

Na

(mg/L)

Ca

(mg/L)

Mg

(mg/L)

SO4

(mg/L)

TDS

(mg/L)

LWG001

0

8.8

3,770

134,400

82,900

476

7,250

24,000

252,796

LWG004

0

7.3

4,070

153,900

88,400

464

7,930

22,000

276,764

LWG007

0

5.8

4,030

147,200

86,900

499

7,600

21,000

267,229

LWG008

0

16.8

3,570

142,400

84,300

540

7,370

19,000

257,180

LWG009

0

17.3

4,150

151,550

94,300

495

7,210

21,000

278,705

LWG010

0

19.8

4,330

154,850

98,900

508

6,790

21,000

286,378

LWG012

0

23.0

3,970

148,800

88,100

513

7,060

20,000

268,443

LWG014

0

20.3

4,245

146,900

89,350

519

7,240

22,000

270,254

LWG015

0

18.3

4,620

158,300

96,000

512

7,140

21,000

287,572

LWG017

0

20.3

4,220

150,200

91,300

432

6,580

24,000

276,732

LWG018

0

19.5

4,910

135,800

83,300

767

5,290

17,000

247,067

LWG019

0

20.5

4,150

145,300

90,100

536

7,290

20,000

267,376

LWG020

0

20.3

4,000

144,500

89,500

483

7,150

23,000

268,633

LWG021

0

15.8

4,070

135,550

83,600

568

5,930

19,000

248,718

LWG022

0

20.7

3,600

151,500

92,800

550

8,380

21,000

277,830

LWG023

0

20.9

3,820

134,650

82,200

674

5,490

17,000

243,834

LWG024

0

6.8

4,860

152,800

95,100

529

5,540

19,000

277,829

LWG025

0

3.8

4,740

143,500

84,000

606

5,140

17,000

254,986

LWG026

0

18.3

4,030

134,500

75,700

682

5,360

16,000

236,272

LWG027

0

16.4

3,540

154,750

90,700

529

8,580

19,000

277,099

LWG028

0

6.0

3,460

146,850

84,900

640

6,630

17,000

259,480

LWG029

0

18.3

3,690

115,950

65,700

847

4,380

14,000

204,567

LWG030

0

19.9

3,500

150,650

86,700

570

8,000

18,000

267,420

LWG031

0

20.4

2,340

95,850

55,600

1,050

4,250

12,000

171,090

LWG032

0

19.9

3,780

153,750

87,700

611

7,250

17,000

270,091

LWG033

0

12.0

4,100

124,600

71,400

969

4,360

12,000

217,429

LWG034

0

6.0

3,590

153,900

86,600

544

8,600

18,000

271,234

LWG035

0

14.6

2,000

73,700

44,100

1,240

3,460

11,000

135,500

LWG050

0

21.0

4,420

152,300

93,800

497

7,300

21,000

279,317

LWG052

0

7.1

3,880

150,050

86,400

592

7,620

18,000

266,542

Average of 30 Samples

3,915

141,298

84,345

615

6,606

18,700

255,479

APPENDIX 3 - Entrained Brine Samples Chemical Analysis Results

 

HOLE ID

From

(m)

To

(m)

K

(mg/L)

Cl

(mg/L)

Na

(mg/L)

Ca

(mg/L)

Mg

(mg/L)

SO4

(mg/L)

TDS

(mg/L)

LWG001

7.1

7.2

3,952

145,712

95,330

494

9,138

29,233

283,859

LWG004

5.6

5.7

4,058

160,273

95,353

487

8,250

22,993

291,414

LWG007

1.3

1.4

3,899

148,511

87,193

525

7,869

21,975

269,972

LWG007

6.3

6.4

6,081

169,907

104,806

501

7,333

20,747

309,375

LWG008

10.1

10.2

4,279

149,756

94,774

556

7,809

20,966

278,140

LWG009

3.6

3.7

3,770

149,818

94,743

646

5,934

14,752

269,663

LWG010

1.3

1.4

3,746

145,699

87,114

597

6,751

19,165

263,072

LWG010

10.2

10.3

4,118

152,421

91,019

527

7,043

20,227

275,355

LWG010

19.2

19.3

4,645

166,030

96,349

470

6,653

19,442

293,589

LWG012

11.9

12.0

4,302

161,555

93,070

527

7,595

21,072

288,121

LWG012

20.0

20.1

4,498

157,418

97,361

529

7,672

21,959

289,437

LWG014

1.3

1.4

4,250

150,484

91,439

528

7,696

22,975

277,372

LWG014

11.1

11.1

4,749

156,322

96,959

594

7,519

22,162

288,305

LWG015

1.3

1.4

3,888

152,721

100,213

525

7,295

19,722

284,364

LWG015

9.5

9.6

3,949

154,474

101,483

465

7,599

20,697

288,667

LWG017

13.6

13.7

4,955

153,615

94,151

694

6,937

23,785

284,137

LWG018

1.6

1.6

4,483

151,462

90,122

486

6,983

22,648

276,184

LWG020

0.4

0.5

3,890

147,400

88,400

449

8,370

24,000

272,509

LWG020

3.9

4.0

3,920

145,150

90,800

480

7,600

23,000

270,950

LWG021

14.1

14.2

4,283

144,070

88,194

623

6,425

18,106

261,701

LWG022

4.2

4.3

3,553

143,656

88,047

602

8,032

20,390

264,280

LWG022

10.2

10.3

3,608

146,084

84,391

565

7,392

20,079

262,119

LWG023

14.1

14.2

4,013

143,025

95,635

623

6,148

17,164

266,608

LWG023

18.0

18.1

3,922

137,253

84,593

644

6,022

15,126

247,560

LWG024

0.6

0.7

4,690

150,533

88,504

518

5,976

20,424

270,645

LWG024

2.8

2.9

4,869

151,784

90,307

563

5,680

19,092

272,295

LWG024

6.4

6.5

4,826

150,214

91,434

588

5,769

19,230

272,061

LWG025

1.4

1.5

4,829

144,871

86,922

662

5,312

17,384

259,980

LWG025

11.7

11.8

3,961

141,606

88,132

634

6,635

17,824

258,792

LWG025

17.7

17.8

3,823

147,690

92,089

591

6,603

17,375

268,171

LWG026

1.3

1.4

3,901

124,010

73,768

797

4,587

15,368

222,431

LWG026

16.7

16.8

3,628

147,248

90,910

619

7,256

17,499

267,160

LWG027

0.5

0.6

3,751

152,951

84,846

533

9,166

19,283

270,530

LWG027

3.4

3.5

3,727

155,296

90,889

588

8,958

19,616

279,074

LWG027

5.8

5.9

4,045

157,114

95,513

653

8,711

19,289

285,325

LWG027

16.2

16.3

3,807

157,037

93,271

666

8,328

19,035

282,144

LWG028

1.2

1.3

3,393

148,975

88,297

579

7,220

17,833

266,297

LWG028

14.1

14.2

3,346

145,799

97,996

574

6,931

17,687

272,333

LWG029

1.4

1.5

3,836

118,216

71,096

846

4,420

14,178

212,592

LWG029

16.2

16.3

4,959

198,368

133,403

893

10,414

17,842

365,879

LWG030

0.6

0.7

3,113

151,924

83,025

565

9,081

17,873

265,581

LWG030

2.8

2.9

3,395

158,636

92,309

614

9,074

16,973

281,001

LWG030

18.2

18.3

3,631

158,217

94,152

519

8,948

16,340

281,807

LWG031

5.1

5.2

2,090

87,035

52,253

1,104

4,148

12,084

158,714

LWG032

1.3

1.4

3,198

148,170

82,222

611

7,052

17,130

258,383

LWG033

1.9

2.0

4,277

129,496

77,935

974

4,594

11,880

229,156

LWG033

11.6

11.7

3,971

134,141

79,884

854

5,218

13,391

237,459

LWG034

1.2

1.3

3,601

155,119

90,198

567

8,729

18,913

277,127

LWG035

1.8

1.9

1,690

65,138

38,691

1,217

3,257

10,285

120,278

LWG050

0.4

0.5

4,450

152,200

92,000

431

7,980

24,000

281,061

LWG050

3.4

3.5

4,250

148,650

90,300

514

7,100

21,000

271,814

LWG050

5.8

5.9

5,056

157,618

110,630

773

8,030

21,412

303,519

LWG050

18.5

18.6

4,726

159,200

100,987

696

7,611

19,900

293,120

LWG050

20.6

20.7

4,429

166,150

98,415

689

7,430

19,700

296,813

LWG050

1.3

1.4

4,480

149,200

91,300

492

7,480

22,000

274,952

LWG050

2.6

2.7

4,510

148,500

90,500

531

7,030

20,000

271,071

LWG050

4.3

4.4

4,530

147,600

95,700

551

7,720

21,000

277,101

Average of 57 samples

4,063

148,097

90,341

617

7,167

19,214

269,499

 

APPENDIX 4 - Sediment Porosity Determinations

 

 

HoleID

Sample ID

From

To

Brine Porosity

(v/v)

HoleID

Sample ID

From

To

Brine Porosity

(v/v)

LWG001

P200042

0.5

0.6

50.5

LWG017

P200058

0.59

0.69

49.8

LWG001

P200043

3.25

3.35

46.6

LWG017

P200059

3.35

3.45

43.9

LWG001

P200044

6.98

7.08

38.2

LWG017

P200060

9.97

10.07

50.0

LWG004

P200045

0.58

0.68

42.8

LWG017

P200061

12.985

13.09

45.6

LWG004

P200046

2.985

3.085

36.1

LWG017

P200069

19.08

19.18

36.4

LWG004

P200047

6.915

7.015

41.3

LWG018

P200014

0.33

0.43

43.5

LWG007

P200039

0.58

0.68

55.0

LWG018

P200015

3.35

3.45

46.7

LWG007

P200040

3.59

3.69

36.4

LWG018

P200016

5.06

5.16

42.6

LWG007

P200041

6.1

6.2

38.7

LWG018

P200017

9.37

9.47

50.9

LWG008

P200048

0.465

0.565

43.1

LWG018

P200018

12.41

12.51

41.0

LWG008

P200049

2.632

2.732

42.5

LWG018

P200019

18.4

18.5

34.9

LWG008

P200050

6.57

6.67

37.5

LWG020

P200008

0.422

0.522

52.4

LWG008

P200051

9.05

9.15

31.8

LWG020

P200009

3.788

3.88

47.5

LWG008

P200052

11.92

12.02

40.1

LWG020

P200010

6.35

6.45

48.9

LWG009

P200033

0.58

0.68

46.3

LWG020

P200011

9.25

9.35

46.0

LWG009

P200034

3.59

3.69

48.3

LWG020

P200012

12.3

12.4

46.3

LWG009

P200035

5.84

5.94

48.6

LWG020

P200013

18.46

18.56

43.0

LWG009

P200036

9.6

9.7

43.2

LWG021

P200076

0.59

0.69

32.5

LWG009

P200037

12.1

12.2

41.3

LWG021

P200077

2.84

2.94

57.6

LWG009

P200038

16.59

16.69

36.4

LWG021

P200078

5.6

5.7

49.3

LWG010

P200062

0.6

0.7

44.1

LWG021

P200079

9.5

9.6

43.7

LWG010

P200063

3.25

3.35

50.4

LWG021

P200080

12.1

12.2

38.7

LWG010

P200065

10.35

10.45

58.5

LWG022

P200070

3.2

3.3

47.9

LWG010

P200066

12.6

12.7

48.0

LWG022

P200071

0.5

0.6

47.1

LWG010

P200067

19.35

19.45

41.1

LWG022

P200072

7.535

7.635

43.1

LWG012

P200053

0.55

0.65

47.7

LWG022

P200073

10.33

10.43

32.0

LWG012

P200054

3.315

3.415

31.2

LWG022

P200074

12.6

12.7

41.8

LWG012

P200055

9.344

9.444

43.0

LWG022

P200075

7.535

7.635

53.3

LWG012

P200056

19.07

19.17

52.0

LWG023

P200081

0.59

0.69

45.2

LWG012

P200057

22.1

22.2

42.1

LWG023

P200082

3.37

3.47

39.0

LWG014

P200020

0.35

0.45

42.2

LWG023

P200083

6.13

6.23

42.4

LWG014

P200021

3.35

3.45

44.8

LWG023

P200084

9.5

9.6

45.1

LWG014

P200022

6.4

6.5

57.3

LWG023

P200085

12.56

12.66

41.1

LWG014

P200023

9.75

9.85

37.0

LWG023

P200086

18.38

18.48

37.6

LWG014

P200024

12.706

12.806

63.7

LWG024

P200087

0.65

0.75

56.6

LWG014

P200025

17.75

17.85

37.8

LWG024

P200088

2.6

3

43.9

LWG015

P200026

0.28

0.38

45.5

LWG024

P200089

6.5

6.6

39.9

LWG015

P200027

3.44

3.54

46.4

LWG025

P200115

3.48

3.58

38.8

LWG015

P200028

6.41

6.51

50.8

LWG025

P200116

6.57

6.67

49.8

LWG015

P200029

9.44

9.54

50.8

LWG025

P200117

10.07

10.17

39.6

LWG015

P200030

12.4

12.5

44.7

LWG025

P200118

12.56

12.66

50.4

LWG015

P200031

17.74

17.84

54.3

LWG025

P200119

18.62

18.72

56.5

LWG026

P200108

0.58

0.68

53.8

LWG034

P200147

0.6

0.7

57.0

LWG026

P200109

3.45

3.55

57.4

LWG034

P200148

3.41

3.51

54.1

LWG026

P200110

6.52

6.62

46.0

LWG034

P200149

6.44

6.54

50.2

LWG026

P200111

9.47

9.57

56.1

LWG035

P200142

1.3

1.4

44.7

LWG026

P200112

12.97

13.07

60.6

LWG035

P200143

3.41

3.51

35.9

LWG027

P200090

0.65

0.75

47.0

LWG035

P200144

6.43

6.53

56.7

LWG027

P200091

2.9

3

31.9

LWG035

P200145

9.59

9.69

46.6

LWG027

P200092

5.9

6

42.6

LWG035

P200146

12.32

12.42

55.6

LWG027

P200093

8.9

9

45.9

LWG050

P200001

0.43

0.53

42.5

LWG027

P200094

11.9

12

46.5

LWG050

P200002

3.42

3.52

40.0

LWG027

P200095

16.69

16.79

53.5

LWG050

P200003

5.785

5.885

56.7

LWG028

P200120

0.57

0.67

43.2

LWG050

P200004

9.495

9.595

48.0

LWG028

P200121

3.57

3.67

54.2

LWG050

P200005

12.49

12.59

49.4

LWG028

P200122

6.58

6.68

40.8

LWG050

P200006

18.47

18.57

51.5

LWG028

P200123

9.59

9.69

37.0

LWG050

P200007

20.61

20.71

39.2

LWG028

P200124

12.56

12.66

55.5

LWG033

P200139

6.53

6.63

40.6

LWG028

P200125

17.64

17.74

52.3

LWG033

P200140

8.83

8.93

39.5

LWG029

P200102

0.51

0.61

44.2

LWG033

P200141

11.74

11.84

43.9

LWG029

P200103

3.54

3.67

55.8

LWG029

P200104

6.59

6.69

49.8

LWG029

P200105

9.59

9.69

57.8

LWG029

P200106

12.55

12.65

44.1

LWG029

P200107

17.91

18.01

43.1

LWG030

P200096

0.65

0.75

50.2

LWG030

P200097

2.9

3

48.7

LWG030

P200098

6.06

6.16

46.9

LWG030

P200099

9.39

9.49

54.2

LWG030

P200100

11.9

12

57.1

LWG030

P200101

18.6

18.7

49.9

LWG031

P200126

1.34

1.44

34.8

LWG031

P200127

3.59

3.69

47.3

LWG031

P200128

6.38

6.48

35.3

LWG031

P200129

9.59

9.69

50.5

LWG031

P200130

12.47

12.57

54.7

LWG031

P200131

18.3

18.4

61.3

LWG032

P200132

0.44

0.54

52.5

LWG032

P200133

3.58

3.68

46.9

LWG032

P200134

6.18

6.28

48.7

LWG032

P200135

9.28

9.38

51.6

LWG032

P200136

12.22

12.32

52.8

LWG033

P200137

1.06

1.16

43.4

LWG033

P200138

3.33

3.43

46.8

 

APPENDIX 5 - Summary of Resource Estimate and Reporting Criteria

This ASX announcement has been prepared in compliance with JORC Code 2012 Edition and the ASX Listing Rules. The Company has included in Appendix 1, the Table 1 Checklist of Assessment and Reporting Criteria for the Lake Wells Project as prescribed by the JORC Code 2012 Edition and the ASX Listing Rules.

The following is a summary of the pertinent information used in the MRE with full details provided in JORC Table 1 included as Appendix 6.

Geology and Geological Interpretation

Lake Wells is located the North-eastern margin of the Yilgarn Craton. The playa lake morphology comprises recent Cainozoic lacustrine sediments which overlie undifferentiated clay, potentially the upper surface of Tertiary paleochannel fill. The Quaternary lacustrine sediments which host the resource defined in this report are labelled Lake Playa Sediments (LPS) for this purpose.

The shallow geological profile beneath the lake is relatively homogenous. The top approximately 5 m comprises slightly coarser grained material due to the variable abundance of evaporite minerals including gypsum sands. Beneath this layer the profile comprises interbedded clay, silt and sand.

In the northern arm of the lake, two holes, LWG007 and LWG024, appear to have encountered shallow basement, interpreted as Proterozoic meta-sediments, at 6.8m and 6.75m below lake surface, respectively. Drilling terminated on this material.

Islands are present on the lake surface. Holes LWG021, LWG031 and LWG035 were drilled on islands within the lake playa to test geological continuity beneath the islands, and to assess the impact of islands on brine chemistry. The data demonstrates that the islands are a surficial feature, and the shallow stratigraphic sequence is continuous beneath the islands. Shallow (0-10m depth) brine beneath the islands exhibits lower concentration compared to the Lake. The data available from three islands indicate that brine concentration increases linearly with depth up to 10m. At that depth the concentration is comparable to the surrounding lake indicating that the dilution effect of islands in limited to 10m depth.

This is a phenomenon recorded from salt lakes in the Yilgarn Block and elsewhere in Australia.

Drilling and Sampling Techniques

The MRE is based upon data obtained from Company's shallow core auger drill program. The drill program utilised a lightweight auger rig capable of drilling core to the targeted depth. The drill rig was towed by a tracked Landtamer amphibious vehicle with Argo vehicles providing support. The drilling method recovered intact sediment core in 750mm lengths of clear tubing.

All drilling and sampling used for the resource estimate was completed using hollow auger coring. This method allows a number of samples to be taken - split tube, intact tube (both 0.75m long) and bulk water (brine) samples.

The intact core is recovered using clear Lexan tubes which are sealed shortly after drilling.

Bulk water (brine) samples were taken by pumping from inside the hollow augers using a sample pump. Holes were purged for approximately three hole volumes before samples were taken. Brine samples were taken:

• At the base of the Lake-Bed Sediments

• At the end of the drillhole

Entrained brine in samples were recovered by centrifuging selected intervals of intact drill core in the laboratory. Entrained brine samples were extracted from 0.1m intervals. Intervals were selected in the field. The Intervals were subsequently cut from the core in the laboratory and processed immediately.

Porosity samples are marked up at 0.1m intervals in the field at pre-determined depths (approximately 3m down each hole). Porosity samples were cut from the core in the laboratory and processed immediately.

Core handing was designed to minimise loss by evaporation. Core was contained in plastic tubing during drilling, and sealed immediately upon recovery. The core was un-sealed only in the laboratory immediately prior to processing.

Sample Analysis Method

Porosity was determined gravimetrically by weighing the wet sample, drying at 80 degrees and weighing the dry sample.

Brine samples were analysed using ICP-AES for K, Na, Mg, Ca, with chloride determined by Mohr titration and alkalinity determined volumetrically. Sulphate was calculated from the ICP-AES sulphur analysis Primary samples were sent to Bureau Veritas Minerals Laboratory, Perth. Secondary samples were send to ALS Ammtec Laboratory in Perth, and Intertek Genalysis Laboratory in Perth.

Reference standard solutions were sent to Bureau Veritas Minerals Laboratory, and Intertek Genalysis Laboratory to check accuracy.

Classification Criteria

The MRE has been classified and is reported as Measured, Indicated and Inferred based on guidelines specified in the 2012 JORC Code. Classification of the Mineral Resource estimates was carried out taking into account the robustness of the geological understanding of the deposit, the quality of the sampling and density data, and drill hole spacing.

Resource Estimation Methodology

The resource is calculated as the tonnage of minerals dissolved in the liquid brine contained in pores within the host rock. Tonnages are calculated as dissolved minerals in brine on a dry weight by volume basis e.g. kilograms potassium per cubic meter of brine.

The Potassium (K) tonnage of the resource is calculated as Rock volume multiplied by volumetric porosity equalling Brine volume. Tonnage is the formula of Brine volume multiplied by Concentration. 

Area

The lateral extent of the resource is defined by the salt lake boundary as defined in Geoscience Australia's 1:250K topographic data set supplied by WHE. The resource is further constrained by the tenement boundaries which do not encompass the entire lake surface. The total area of the resource is 477 km2.

Porosity

Total porosity (Pt) relates to the volume of brine filled pores contained within a unit volume of aquifer material. A fraction of this pore volume can by drained under gravity, this is described as the specific yield (or drainable porosity). The remaining fraction of the brine which is held by surface tension and cannot be drained under gravity is described as the specific retention (or un-drainable porosity). The form of porosity used in brine resource estimation varies with different proponents. WHE elected to use total porosity to assess the Lake Wells resource.

The mean and median total porosity of 146 samples was 46.4% v/v. The data is normally distributed and no consistent spatial trends are observed laterally or with depth (Refer Appendix 3). A value of 46.4% was applied in calculation of the brine volume of the resource. The value is consistent with typical values for mixed fine grained sediment (Fetter, 1996 pp86) and lacustrine clay, silt and fine alluvial sand, (Spitz and Moreno 1996, pp346).

The solute (K, Mg, SO4) concentration dataset comprised a mixture of samples downhole with overlapping and varying sample intervals:

• Entrained brine samples from consistent 10cm intervals taken from varying depths

• Pumped brine samples from varying intervals and varying depths.

With the exception of brine beneath islands, the brine concentration is relatively consistent with depth. The maximum downhole variance from the mean was 15%, whilst the average variance was 0.4%. Average solute concentration for the full thickness of the brine aquifer penetrated at each drillhole was calculated as a length-weighted average using all samples. Entrained brine samples were assigned the length from the mid-point between adjacent samples (or the water table, or the end of hole). Pumped brine samples were assigned the length of open hole during the sampling event. The resulting dataset was used for interpolation of brine concentration across the lake.

Modelling / Interpolation

Solute concentration was interpolated across the lake area using inverse distance weighting algorithm with power of 2, search radius of 6000m, single search sector and a requirement for minimum of 1 sample point per sector. The interpolated grid had a cell size of 500 x 500m.

Cut-off Grades

No cut-off parameters were applied. Potassium concentration data are summarised in Appendix 1 and Appendix 2. The data exhibit low variability which indicates that the ore body is relatively homogenous, and the data exhibits normal distribution. No outliers were identified.

Mining and Metallurgical methods and parameters

No mining factors have been applied. The mining method is assumed to be recovery by draining brine using bores and or trenches. Current hydrologic studies are underway to assess the best methods for brine extraction. Fractional crystallisation of brine through solar evaporation produces a solid precipitate that lines the evaporation pond bottom and is harvested by analogous producing operations with mechanised equipment such as scrappers and trucked to processing facilities.

 

Mining of the resource will be undertaken by gravity drainage of the brine by pumping from trenches or wells.

No metallurgical factors or assumptions have been applied.

 

APPENDIX 6 - JORC TABLE 1

Section 1: Sampling Techniques and Data

 

Criteria

JORC Code explanation

Commentary

Sampling techniques

Nature and quality of sampling (eg cut channels, random chips, or specific specialised industry standard measurement tools appropriate to the minerals under investigation, such as down hole gamma sondes, or handheld XRF instruments, etc). These examples should not be taken as limiting the broad meaning of sampling.

Include reference to measures taken to ensure sample representivity and the appropriate calibration of any measurement tools or systems used.

Aspects of the determination of mineralisation that are Material to the Public Report.

In cases where 'industry standard' work has been done this would be relatively simple (eg 'reverse circulation drilling was used to obtain 1 m samples from which 3 kg was pulverised to produce a 30 g charge for fire assay'). In other cases more explanation may be required, such as where there is coarse gold that has inherent sampling problems. Unusual commodities or mineralisation types (eg submarine nodules) may warrant disclosure of detailed information.

All drilling and sampling is completed using hollow-core auger.

Split tube drill core was taken for two auger holes twinned within 5 metres of an existing intact tube auger hole.

Intact core is taken for all other intervals of all other holes. The intact core is completed using clear Lexan tubes which are sealed shortly after drilling.

Bulk water (brine) samples from auger drilling were taken at the end of drilling each hole by purging the hole with a submersible pump, then taking the sample after purging. These brine samples are composite samples from the water table intersection to the end of hole.

Split tube drill core was taken for two auger holes twinned within 5 metres of an existing intact tube auger hole.

Entrained brine samples were recovered by centrifuging selected intervals of intact drill core. Entrained brine samples are marked up in 0.1m intervals in the field within pre-determined geological horizons.

Porosity samples are marked up at 0.1m intervals in the field at pre-determined depths (approximately 3m down each hole).

Drilling techniques

Drill type (eg core, reverse circulation, open-hole hammer, rotary air blast, auger, Bangka, sonic, etc) and details (eg core diameter, triple or standard tube, depth of diamond tails, face-sampling bit or other type, whether core is oriented and if so, by what method, etc).

Auger drilling was undertaken with an auger rig.

Auger bit size was 178 mm, using 50 mm hollow core auger and 1.5 metre long rods.

Core and/or chips were not oriented.

Core diameter was 50 mm

Drill sample recovery

Method of recording and assessing core and chip sample recoveries and results assessed.

Measures taken to maximise sample recovery and ensure representative nature of the samples.

Whether a relationship exists between sample recovery and grade and whether sample bias may have occurred due to preferential loss/gain of fine/coarse material.

Sediment samples were collected by hand from the collar of the hole as produced by the auger flights from the outside return.

Brine was sampled from the auger holes at the completion of drilling once the hole had refilled with brine.

Porosity and Entrained brine samples, 0.1 metres in length, were taken at intervals within the intact drill core where best representation of lithology was present and minimally affected by auger drilling processes.

Core loss is directly measured by taking the difference between the interval drilled and the core recovered and adjusting for compaction. No sampling bias is expected through core loss.

Logging

Whether core and chip samples have been geologically and geotechnically logged to a level of detail to support appropriate Mineral Resource estimation, mining studies and metallurgical studies.

Whether logging is qualitative or quantitative in nature. Core (or costean, channel, etc) photography.

The total length and percentage of the relevant intersections logged.

All auger drill holes were geologically logged by a qualified geologist, noting in particular moisture content of sediments, lithology, colour, induration, grainsize, matrix and structural observations. A digital drill log was developed specifically for this project.

Sub-sampling techniques and sample preparation

If core, whether cut or sawn and whether quarter, half or all core taken.

If non-core, whether riffled, tube sampled, rotary split, etc and whether sampled wet or dry.

For all sample types, the nature, quality and appropriateness of the sample preparation technique.

Quality control procedures adopted for all sub-sampling stages to maximise representivity of samples.

Measures taken to ensure that the sampling is representative of the in situ material collected, including for instance results for field duplicate/second-half sampling.

Whether sample sizes are appropriate to the grain size of the material being sampled.

Brine was sampled directly from the auger hole with duplicates taken periodically. Sample bottles are rinsed with brine which is discarded prior to sampling.

Occasional auger holes were drilled within 3m of the intact core holes and used to provide lubrication brine to advance drilling. The holes named auxiliary auger holes were drilled to the top of the upper clay and brine sampling was undertaken.

Where water was injected into auger holes during drilling the holes were flushed completely three times before brine samples were taken. Where this couldn't be achieved immediately after drilling the holes were re-sampled at a later date, using the same technique.

Geological logs are recorded in the field based on inspection of cuttings, and a small amount of visible intact core tube material. Geological samples are retained for each hole in archive.

All brine samples taken in the field are split into three sub-samples: primary, potential duplicate, and archive.

Quality of assay data and laboratory tests

The nature, quality and appropriateness of the assaying and laboratory procedures used and whether the technique is considered partial or total.

For geophysical tools, spectrometers, handheld XRF instruments, etc, the parameters used in determining the analysis including instrument make and model, reading times, calibrations factors applied and their derivation, etc.

Nature of quality control procedures adopted (eg standards, blanks, duplicates, external laboratory checks) and whether acceptable levels of accuracy (ie lack of bias) and precision have been established.

 

· Porosity was determined gravimetrically by weighing the wet sample, drying at 80 degrees and weighing the dry sample.

· Brine samples were analysed using ICP-AES for K, Na, Mg, Ca, with chloride determined by Mohr titration and alkalinity determined volumetrically. Sulphate was calculated from the ICP-AES sulphur analysis Primary samples were sent to Bureau Veritas Minerals Laboratory, Perth. Secondary samples were send to ALS Ammtec Laboratory in Perth, and Intertek Genalysis Laboratory in Perth.

· Reference standard solutions were sent to Bureau Veritas Minerals Laboratory, and Intertek Genalysis Laboratory to check accuracy.

·

Verification of sampling and assaying

The verification of significant intersections by either independent or alternative company personnel.

The use of twinned holes.

Documentation of primary data, data entry procedures, data verification, data storage (physical and electronic) protocols.

Discuss any adjustment to assay data.

Data entry is done in the field to minimise transposition errors.

Brine assay results are received from the laboratory in digital format to prevent transposition errors and these data sets are subject to the quality control described above.

Two holes were twinned for comparison of logging between split core and intact core.

Independent verification of significant intercepts was not considered warranted given the relatively consistent nature of the brine resource.

Location of data points

Accuracy and quality of surveys used to locate drill holes (collar and down-hole surveys), trenches, mine workings and other locations used in Mineral Resource estimation.

Specification of the grid system used.

Quality and adequacy of topographic control.

Hole co-ordinates were captured using hand held GPS.

Coordinates were provided in GDA 94_MGA Zone 51.

Topographic control is obtained using Geoscience Australia's 3-second digital elevation product.

Topographic control is not considered critical as the salt lakes are generally flat lying and the water table is taken to be the top surface of the brine resource.

Data spacing and distribution

Data spacing for reporting of Exploration Results.

Whether the data spacing and distribution is sufficient to establish the degree of geological and grade continuity appropriate for the Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve estimation procedure(s) and classifications applied.

Whether sample compositing has been applied.

Drill hole spacing is approximately 3.7km across the lake. The drilling is not on an exact grid due to the irregular nature of the salt lake shape and difficulty obtaining access to some part of the salt lake. Data points are presented in Appendix 1.

A total of 2 twinned split core, and 28 intact core auger holes were drilled.

Orientation of data in relation to geological structure

Whether the orientation of sampling achieves unbiased sampling of possible structures and the extent to which this is known, considering the deposit type.

If the relationship between the drilling orientation and the orientation of key mineralised structures is considered to have introduced a sampling bias, this should be assessed and reported if material.

All drill holes were vertical as geological structure is flat lying.

No mineralised structures are expected in the unconsolidated sediment.

Sample security

The measures taken to ensure sample security.

All entrained brine and porosity samples were marked and kept onsite before transport to the laboratory. The entire core was sent to the laboratory where the marked intervals are cut and analysed.

Bulk water (brine) samples were held on site before transport to the laboratory. Some samples were sent via the main office in Perth for sorting, before being sent on to respective laboratories. All remaining sample and duplicates are stored in the Perth office in climate-controlled conditions.

Chain of Custody system is maintained.

Audits or reviews

The results of any audits or reviews of sampling techniques and data.

Data review is summarised in Quality of assay data and laboratory tests and Verification of sampling and assaying. No audits were undertaken.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Section 2: Reporting of Exploration Results

 

Criteria

JORC Code explanation

Commentary

Mineral tenement and land tenure status

Type, reference name/number, location and ownership including agreements or material issues with third parties such as joint ventures, partnerships, overriding royalties, native title interests, historical sites, wilderness or national park and environmental settings.

The security of the tenure held at the time of reporting along with any known impediments to obtaining a licence to operate in the area.

Tenements drilled were granted exploration licences 38/2710, 38/2821, 38/2824, 38/3055, 38/3056 and 38/3057 in Western Australia.

Exploration Licenses are held by Piper Preston Pty Ltd (fully owned subsidiary of ASLP).

 

 

Exploration done by other parties

Acknowledgment and appraisal of exploration by other parties.

No other known exploration has occurred on the Exploration Licenses.

Geology

Deposit type, geological setting and style of mineralisation.

Salt Lake Brine Deposit

Drill hole Information

A summary of all information material to the understanding of the exploration results including a tabulation of the following information for all Material drill holes:

o easting and northing of the drill hole collar

o elevation or RL (Reduced Level - elevation above sea level in metres) of the drill hole collar

o dip and azimuth of the hole

o down hole length and interception depth

o hole length.

If the exclusion of this information is justified on the basis that the information is not Material and this exclusion does not detract from the understanding of the report, the Competent Person should clearly explain why this is the case.

Exploration and resource definition drilling comprised of 32 hollow tube auger drillholes drilled to a depth of between 1.5 and 22.95 metres. Drillhole details and locations of all data points are presented in Appendix 1. Drilling, sampling and logging techniques are summarised in Section 1.

 

Data aggregation methods

In reporting Exploration Results, weighting averaging techniques, maximum and/or minimum grade truncations (eg cutting of high grades) and cut-off grades are usually Material and should be stated.

Where aggregate intercepts incorporate short lengths of high grade results and longer lengths of low grade results, the procedure used for such aggregation should be stated and some typical examples of such aggregations should be shown in detail.

The assumptions used for any reporting of metal equivalent values should be clearly stated.

Within the salt lake extent no low grade cut-off or high grade capping has been implemented due to the consistent nature of the brine assay data.

Downhole data aggregation comprised calculation of a length-weighted average for each drillhole using all samples. The downhole brine concentration was quite consistent. The maximum downhole sample variation from the length-weighted average potassium concentration was 15% and the average was 0.4%.

Relationship between mineralisation widths and intercept lengths

These relationships are particularly important in the reporting of Exploration Results.

If the geometry of the mineralisation with respect to the drill hole angle is known, its nature should be reported.

If it is not known and only the down hole lengths are reported, there should be a clear statement to this effect (eg 'down hole length, true width not known').

The brine resource is inferred to be consistent and continuous through the full thickness of the Lake Playa sediments unit. The unit is flat lying and drillholes are vertical hence the intersected downhole depth is equivalent to the inferred thickness of mineralisation.

Diagrams

Appropriate maps and sections (with scales) and tabulations of intercepts should be included for any significant discovery being reported These should include, but not be limited to a plan view of drill hole collar locations and appropriate sectional views.

Addressed in the announcement.

Balanced reporting

Where comprehensive reporting of all Exploration Results is not practicable, representative reporting of both low and high grades and/or widths should be practiced to avoid misleading reporting of Exploration Results.

All results have been included.

Other substantive exploration data

Other exploration data, if meaningful and material, should be reported including (but not limited to): geological observations; geophysical survey results; geochemical survey results; bulk samples - size and method of treatment; metallurgical test results; bulk density, groundwater, geotechnical and rock characteristics; potential deleterious or contaminating substances.

All material exploration data reported.

Further work

The nature and scale of planned further work (eg tests for lateral extensions or depth extensions or large-scale step-out drilling).

Diagrams clearly highlighting the areas of possible extensions, including the main geological interpretations and future drilling areas, provided this information is not commercially sensitive.

Air Core drilling to be undertaken to further assess the occurrence of brine at depth and the nature of the basement.

Hydraulic testing be undertaken, for instance pumping tests from bores and/or trenches to determine, aquifer properties, expected production rates and infrastructure design (trench and bore size and spacing).

Lake recharge dynamics be studied to determine the lake water balance and subsequent production water balance. For instance simultaneous data recording of rainfall and subsurface brine level fluctuations to understand the relationship between rainfall and lake recharge, and hence the brine recharge dynamics of the Lake.

 

 

Section 3: Estimation and Reporting of Mineral Resources

 

Criteria

 JORC Code explanation

Commentary

Database integrity

Measures taken to ensure that data has not been corrupted by, for example, transcription or keying errors, between its initial collection and its use for Mineral Resource estimation purposes.

Data validation procedures used.

Cross-check of laboratory assay reports and database

 

Extensive QA/QC as described in Section 2 Quality of assay data and laboratory tests

Site visits

Comment on any site visits undertaken by the Competent Person and the outcome of those visits.

If no site visits have been undertaken indicate why this is the case.

A site visit was undertaken by the Component Person from 14 to 17 August 2015. The outcome of the visits was refinement of: lithology logging, core storage, porosity determination, brine sampling procedures.

Geological interpretation

Confidence in (or conversely, the uncertainty of) the geological interpretation of the mineral deposit.

Nature of the data used and of any assumptions made.

The effect, if any, of alternative interpretations on Mineral Resource estimation.

The use of geology in guiding and controlling Mineral Resource estimation.

The factors affecting continuity both of grade and geology.

The shallow geological profile beneath the lake is relatively homogenous. The porosity of the material is consistent with depth; hence the geological interpretation has little impact on the resource except to define its thickness..

Islands on the lake surface have the impact of diluting the shallow brine beneath the islands. These areas have been removed from the resource estimate

Dimensions

The extent and variability of the Mineral Resource expressed as length (along strike or otherwise), plan width, and depth below surface to the upper and lower limits of the Mineral Resource.

The resource extends beneath 399.75 km2 of salt lake surface. The top of the resource is defined by the water table surface; on average 0.5m below ground surface. The average thickness of the resource is 15.9m and ranges from 6.1 m to 22m.

Estimation and modelling techniques

The nature and appropriateness of the estimation technique(s) applied and key assumptions, including treatment of extreme grade values, domaining, interpolation parameters and maximum distance of extrapolation from data points. If a computer assisted estimation method was chosen include a description of computer software and parameters used.

The availability of check estimates, previous estimates and/or mine production records and whether the Mineral Resource estimate takes appropriate account of such data.

The assumptions made regarding recovery of by-products. Estimation of deleterious elements or other non-grade variables of economic significance (e.g. sulphur for acid mine drainage characterisation).

In the case of block model interpolation, the block size in relation to the average sample spacing and the search employed.

Any assumptions behind modelling of selective mining units.

Any assumptions about correlation between variables.

Description of how the geological interpretation was used to control the resource estimates.

Discussion of basis for using or not using grade cutting or capping.

The process of validation, the checking process used, the comparison of model data to drill hole data, and use of reconciliation data if available.

Brine concentration was interpolated using inverse distance weighted calculation (power of 2, search of 3800m single search sector, 3 grid passes). MapInfo and Discover software was used.

Drillholes located on islands were not used for interpolation.

The block size was 500 x 500m. Each block extended the full thickness of the resource. Solute contained in each block was calculated as the product of block area, thickness, porosity and interpolated solute concentration.

Average drillhole spacing was 3,700m.

Downhole sample spacing varied between drillholes and averaged 4.8m.

No check estimates were available

No recovery of by-products was considered

Deleterious elements were not considered

Selective mining units were not modelled.

Correlation between variables was not assumed.

The geological interpretation was used to define the thickness of the orebody.

Grade cutting or capping was not employed due to the homogenous nature of the orebody.

Shallow brine beneath islands is diluted. A model of linear dilution from surface to maximum depth was applied the solute concentration interpolation beneath all islands.

Moisture

Whether the tonnages are estimated on a dry basis or with natural moisture, and the method of determination of the moisture content.

Not applicable to brine resources. See discussion of moisture content under Bulk Density

Cut-off parameters

The basis of the adopted cut-off grade(s) or quality parameters applied.

No cut-off parameters were used

Mining factors or assumptions

Assumptions made regarding possible mining methods, minimum mining dimensions and internal (or, if applicable, external) mining dilution. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider potential mining methods, but the assumptions made regarding mining methods and parameters when estimating Mineral Resources may not always be rigorous. Where this is the case, this should be reported with an explanation of the basis of the mining assumptions made.

Mining will be undertaken by gravity drainage of brine from bores or trenches.

 

Metallurgical factors or assumptions

The basis for assumptions or predictions regarding metallurgical amenability. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider potential metallurgical methods, but the assumptions regarding metallurgical treatment processes and parameters made when reporting Mineral Resources may not always be rigorous. Where this is the case, this should be reported with an explanation of the basis of the metallurgical assumptions made.

The brine is characterised by elevated concentration of potassium, magnesium and sulphate elements and distinctly deficient in calcium ions. Such a chemical makeup is considered highly favorable for efficient recovery of Schoenite from the lake brines (the main feedstock for Sulphate of Potash production), using conventional evaporation methods

Environmental factors or assumptions

Assumptions made regarding possible waste and process residue disposal options. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider the potential environmental impacts of the mining and processing operation. While at this stage the determination of potential environmental impacts, particularly for a greenfields project, may not always be well advanced, the status of early consideration of these potential environmental impacts should be reported. Where these aspects have not been considered this should be reported with an explanation of the environmental assumptions made.

Environmental impacts are expected to be; localized reduction in saline groundwater level, surface disturbance associated with trench, bore, and pond construction and accumulation of salt tails. The project is in a remote area and these impacts are not expected to prevent project development.

Bulk density

Whether assumed or determined. If assumed, the basis for the assumptions. If determined, the method used, whether wet or dry, the frequency of the measurements, the nature, size and representativeness of the samples.

The bulk density for bulk material must have been measured by methods that adequately account for void spaces (vughs, porosity, etc.), moisture and differences between rock and alteration zones within the deposit.

Discuss assumptions for bulk density estimates used in the evaluation process of the different materials.

Bulk density is not relevant to brine resource estimation.

Volumetric moisture content or volumetric porosity was measured based on determination of 146 samples (average downhole sample spacing 3.5m) to yield an average value of 46.4% v/v.

Classification

The basis for the classification of the Mineral Resources into varying confidence categories.

Whether appropriate account has been taken of all relevant factors (i.e. relative confidence in tonnage/grade estimations, reliability of input data, confidence in continuity of geology and metal values, quality, quantity and distribution of the data).

Whether the result appropriately reflects the Competent Person's view of the deposit

The data is considered sufficient to assign a measured resource classification to brine beneath the lake surface which exhibits low lateral and vertical variability.

Brine beneath islands exhibits vertical variability and is sampled by a limited number of drillholes. The resource beneath islands is assigned an inferred resource classification.

The result reflects the view of the Competent Person

Audits or reviews

The results of any audits or reviews of Mineral Resource estimates.

No audit or reviews were undertaken.

Discussion of relative accuracy/ confidence

Where appropriate a statement of the relative accuracy and confidence level in the Mineral Resource estimate using an approach or procedure deemed appropriate by the Competent Person. For example, the application of statistical or geostatistical procedures to quantify the relative accuracy of the resource within stated confidence limits, or, if such an approach is not deemed appropriate, a qualitative discussion of the factors that could affect the relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate.

The statement should specify whether it relates to global or local estimates, and, if local, state the relevant tonnages, which should be relevant to technical and economic evaluation. Documentation should include assumptions made and the procedures used.

These statements of relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate should be compared with production data, where available.

The estimated tonnage represents the in-situ brine with no recovery factor applied. It will not be possible to extract all of the contained brine by pumping of bores or trenches. The amount which can be extracted depends on many factors including the permeability of the sediments, the drainable porosity, and the recharge dynamics of the aquifers.

No production data are available for comparison

 

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